Psychology Addiction

Psychological dependence:

• Rarely leads to habitual use of addictive substances

• Increases the body's level of arousal

• Is a compulsion to experience the effects of a substance

• Forms even when taking a substance is not followed by a reward

In relation to addiction, tolerance refers to:

• Taking a substance in order to avoid unpleasant withdrawal effects

• Taking more of a substance to get the usual effects

• Symptoms that appear when an addicted person stops taking a substance

• Continuing to take a substance until it becomes a habit

Withdrawal indicates that:

• A physical dependence has formed

• A psychological dependence has formed

• No dependence was formed

• There is no tolerance

The withdrawal phase that starts immediately is called the

• Chronic withdrawal phase

• Prolonged withdrawal phase

• Acute withdrawal phase

• Immediate withdrawal phase

In terms of personality, the most consistent risk factor for addiction is

• Hostility

• Extraversion

• Antisocial personality disorder

• Neuroticism

One way in which genetic vulnerability can be a risk factor is:

• Friends providing access to drugs

• Social factors determining whether someone takes an addictive substance

• Low number of D2 receptors in the brain

• Stressful life events

Peers influence an adolescent's risk of addiction mainly because:

• They use threats of violence to enforce antisocial behaviour

• They create social norms about acceptable behaviour

• They are often genetically related

• Relationships with friends are a major form of stress

In Bahlmann et al's study the average delay between developing APD and alcohol addiction was

• 1 year

• 2 years

• 3 years

• 4 years

The desensitisation hypothesis states that:

• Nicotine has little effect on the dopamine reward system

• nAChRs shut down temporarily after stimulation

• nAChRs are stimulated by dopamine and serotonin

• nAChRs are continually being activated

The mesocortical pathway transmits dopamine directly to the:

• Frontal cortex

• Nucleus accumbens

• Ventral tegmental area

• Mesolimbic pathway