IB Geo: G1.1 The variety of urban environments

What are the three main categories of land in an urban area?

• Residential, agriculture, industrial
• Commerce (retail), industry, residential
• Commercial, public, residential
• Tourism, industry, residential

What is the trend in land prices as you move away from the Central Business District (CBD)?

• Land prices increase
• Land prices remain the same
• Land prices fluctuate but there is no general trend
• Land prices generally decrease

What are some disadvantages of out of town shopping centers?

• They are more accessible than city centers

• They are easier for small shops and independent stores to be successful

• They may not be accessible to some members of the community

• They have larger stores and free parking

What are some advantages of out of town shopping centers?

• A decrease in traffic in the city center due to the popularity of out of town shopping centers
• They are not accessible to some members of the community
• They have larger stores and free parking
• They are more expensive than shopping in the city center

What is the traditional central place-type hierarchy in retailing?

• Small supermarkets, independent outlets, and low-order goods in high street shops.
• High-order goods in department stores and chain stores.
• Neighbourhood stores, shopping parades, and out-of-town superstores and retail parks.
• Large outlets close to residential areas with ample parking and good road access.

What are shopping parades?

• Clusters of shops that usually include a small supermarket, an off-licence, a newsagent and other low-order outlets serving nearby residential areas.
• Large outlets close to residential areas with ample parking and good road access.
• Hardware, electrical and furniture superstores that may cluster to form a retail park.
• Clusters of shops that sell mainly high-order goods with a large range and threshold.

What is the effect of the growth in superstores and out-of-town retail parks on smaller high-street shops? (CHOOSE ALL RELEVANT)

• It has led to the closure of many of them.

• It has made them more successful.

• It has had no effect on them.

• It has made them adapt to the changing retail environment.

What are some factors that explain the change in shopping habits towards superstores and out-of-town retail parks?

• The development of business parks and suburbanization.
• Demographic change, technological change, and social changes.
• High levels of accessibility, good road access, and ample parking.
• Falling population growth, smaller households, and increased standards of living.

What are the characteristic features of the CBD? (CHOOSE ALL RELEVANT)

• Shops occupy ground floors whereas offices occupy upper floors.

• The concentration of retailing with high range and threshold characteristics.

• The floor space is much greater than the ground space.

• Pedestrian flows are highest.

What is vertical zoning in the CBD?

• Shops occupy ground floors whereas offices occupy upper floors.
• High land values force buildings to grow upwards, hence the floor space of the CBD is much greater than the ground space.
• Pedestrian flows are highest due to the attractions of a variety of commercial outlets and service facilities.
• Traffic restrictions are greatest due to pedestrianization.