The classic model of industrial location theory suggests that the primary consideration in the location of an industrial site is which of the following?

The cost to produce the product

The institutional structure of the firm

If a manufacturing company uses a single, weight-losing raw material to manufacture its finished product, then most likely the company will

locate its manufacturing plant at the raw material site

choose to outsource its labor component

locate several manufacturing plants close to consumers

The global pattern of gender inequality index scores is similar to the expected pattern of countries by level of economic development, with the exception of a few countries such as

South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand

In Latin America, data for employment in many large urban areas are most likely to be incomplete because

many people work in the informal sector

records are kept mainly for male workers

employment is growing too rapidly

Which of the following correctly classifies the countries in the table by their level of development?

More developed: France; industrializing: India; less developed: Tanzania

More developed: France; industrializing: Canada; less developed: India

More developed: Brazil; industrializing: India; less developed: Tanzania

More developed: Canada; industrializing: Tanzania; less developed: Brazil

Which of the following best explains the degree to which the Human Development Index (HDI) accurately calculates a country’s level of economic development?

Although the HDI factors in gross national income per capita, it also calculates indicators for health care and education to estimate the social aspects of development.

The HDI is a simplified means of comparing gross national income per capita in an indexed score that is on a 0 to 1.0 scale.

The HDI is a simplified means of combining life expectancy and education levels in an indexed score that is on a 0 to 1.0 scale.

The HDI is a simplified means of ranking countries into distinct levels of development based on the total size of a country’s national economy.

Which of the following correctly classifies the countries in the table by their level of development?

More developed: France; industrializing: India; less developed: Tanzania

More developed: Brazil; industrializing: India; less developed: Tanzania

More developed: France; industrializing: Canada; less developed: India

More developed: Canada; industrializing: Tanzania; less developed: Brazil

Which of the following statements is most consistent with the data shown in the table?

There are a large number of women in the Spanish legislature, but few women have been elected in Kuwait.

An increase in per capita wealth will almost always result in an improvement in gender equity in a country.

Spain and Kuwait are countries that have very different levels of economic development.

Spain and Kuwait are countries that have very similar levels of economic and social development.

All of the following statements about worldwide patterns of development are correct EXCEPT :

The largest concentration of the least-developed countries in the world today is in Latin America.

Per capita income in the United States is higher than in China.

On average, population growth is higher in peripheral countries than in core nations.

The gap in per capita income between rich and poor countries has increased over time.

Australia, Ireland, and Germany have the highest GII values in the table shown. What do these countries' high GII values indicate when compared to their HDI values?

These countries have less gender equality despite high levels of education and health care.

These countries are characterized by greater empowerment among a wealthy female population.

These countries have less disparity between men and women than in wealthier countries.

These countries offer greater access to women’s health care despite lower levels of economic development.

Low interest loans usually for smaller sums of money to provide extremely poor people the opportunity to open a small local business and is often targeted to women in less developed countries to lift them out of poverty and is helping to improve standards of living

A measure of the extent of each country's gender inequality

Refers to the ease with which an individual can obtain needed medical services

Acknowledges that gender affects an individual's lived experiences; gender inequality is experienced across different cultures; tradition and culture pose obstacles to women's economic development, especially in less developed countries

Political geographers consider which of the following as the core area of the United States?

The New York-Washington, D.C., area

The Los Angeles-San Francisco area

The Atlanta-Birmingham, Alabama, area

Which statement explains one way in which the transformation of India’s economy contradicts Wallenstein's world system theory?

Using a development strategy to avoid economic dependency, India has been able to develop its own industries and participate fully in the global economy.

As a British colony, India functioned as a peripheral region supplying resources to benefit the core.

India’s emphasis on nonalignment with and isolation from the Heartland has limited the country’s role in supranational organizations and international decision-making.

India’s ethnically, linguistically, and religiously diverse populations serve as centrifugal forces, preventing India from participating in the global economy.

Which of the following statements explains a weakness in Rostow's stages of economic growth model?

The model is based on successive stages that countries must pass through independently until they reach high mass consumption without taking into account that countries are interdependent.

The model is based on the premise that development in one place requires underdevelopment in another place.

The model is based on the permanent classification of countries into the core, semi-periphery, and periphery, and countries are unable to move up or down from one category to another.

The classification for a country pertains to the entire country with no condition for variation in the level of development within a country.

Which of the following explains a limitation of the three-tiered structure of Wallerstein's world systems theory?

The model locks most countries into the development model of core, semi-periphery, and periphery with little opportunity for peripheral economies to advance into the wealthy core.

The three-tiered system of the model cannot be mapped; therefore, the model has no spatial application.

The model does not provide for countries outside of the core to accomplish any of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

The scale of the model does not pertain to individual countries but rather to regions in the global contexts of core, semi-periphery, and periphery.

Which of the following best explains a benefit of membership in the European Union?

Member states form a single market, which creates a powerful economic bloc.

Member states have more secure borders, which guards against conflict.

Member states are eligible to receive loans from the European Union, which protects states against recession.

Member states receive annual payments from the European Union, which boosts gross national income.

Which of the following concepts explains the decision to relocate market-oriented factories in the United States from the Midwest and Northeast to locations in the southern United States or Mexico?

Comparative advantage, because products can be made more efficiently in the southern United States and Mexico. Operating costs and wages are lower, and the manufactured products are easily transported to major United States markets.

Just-in-time delivery, because the United States population is shifting to the south and west, and the Mexican population is growing. It is critical to produce goods closer to the consumer base to reduce shipping times.

Post-Fordist production, because traditional mid-western and northeastern manufacturing centers in the United States are unable to keep up with the technological changes of modern industry.

Complementary, because the regional economy of the mid-western and northeastern United States is shifting to the service sector. There is little interest in maintaining manufacturing at these locations.

Economic complementarities between two places tend to

occur when each place specializes in commodities demanded by the other

reflect the maximization of scale

reflect only differences in resource base

reflect the minimization of distance

Which of the following best explains a trading relationship between two countries based on comparative advantage?

Each country specializes in the type of good for which it has the lowest opportunity cost, resulting in a higher global output of both types of goods.

Two countries trade in luxury items, but the volume of trade is limited by the highest cost of long-distance trade.

One country exports raw materials and the other country exports manufactured goods, resulting in a global economic balance.

Each country exports the same type of good because the countries are similar in terms of natural resources and labor costs.

Which of the following is the primary geographic effect of the globalization of the economy?

Production is shifted to low-cost locations in developing countries.

In the context of currency, the borders between the member states are irrelevant.

Production is increasingly concentrated in the Manufacturing Belt of the United States

Production is increasingly concentrated in the Rhine-Ruhr Valley of Europe.

The map shows the locations of world financial, banking, and investment centers. Which of the following best explains a limitation of the map’s representation of global economic patterns?

The map does not show the growth of investment in businesses in less developed countries.

The map does not show the locations of export processing zones in more developed countries.

The map does not show major population centers located in the Southern Hemisphere.

The map does not show the environmental pollution associated with industrial cities.

The Internet is reshaping traditional economic arrangements by

expanding the importance of express package delivery systems

creating more enclosed shopping malls

bringing consumers and producers into face-to-face contact

increasing the importance of rail transportation as compared to truck transportation

The map shows medical technology growth poles in the United States. Which of the following statements best explains a limitation of the map in showing the geographic context of these growth poles?

Each growth pole location is supported by an international network of researchers and multinational corporate partners.

Each growth pole location is a small special economic zone occupying a few city blocks.

The pattern of medical technology growth poles across the country indicates a dependence on just-in-time production systems.

Each growth pole location has an international division of labor where low-technology jobs are handled in less developed countries.

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals do not mention population growth, but most of the goals will affect population growth. Which of the following statements correctly explains a link between the Sustainable Development Goals and population growth?

Reducing infant mortality rates can lead to a desire to have a smaller family.

Gender equality and empowering women leads to fewer women in the paid labor force.

Reducing poverty and hunger increases population growth as it makes larger families possible.

Economic development strategies make it possible to support larger families.

Which of the following explains a negative effect that can occur in countries that depend on ecotourism as a pathway to sustainable economic development?

The development of ecotourism can attract multinational tourism corporations that take their earnings out of the country while attracting tourists who impact the local environment.

A well-developed ecotourism industry can limit the amount of foreign currency entering a country’s economy, reducing funds available for local infrastructure projects.

The development of an ecotourism industry can reduce income opportunities for local workers by converting farms to parks.

Fees generated by ecotourists can contribute to income inequality in less developed countries.

Which of the following explains a significant obstacle to sustainable development in more developed countries?

The reliance on fossil energy sources for electric generation and vehicle fuel has depleted resources globally and contributed to atmospheric pollution in cities.

Increased economic productivity in less developed countries has moved investment funding away from the development of new sources of renewable energy for individual vehicles and homes.

Low population growth in more developed countries has reduced the need for the development of additional sources of renewable energy for individual vehicles and homes.

The reliance on renewable energy for local electric generation and home heating creates significant risks, as alternative energy storage is more expensive than using fossil fuels.

The popularity of which of the following is an example of the trend toward ecotourism?

Time-share condominiums on the coast of Spain

I t is generally agreed that the current trend in climate change is caused by

changes in the velocity of ocean currents

Which of the following explains the degree to which deindustrialization and the rise of service economies have affected population and income across scales in Detroit and in the state of Michigan overall?

Loss of manufacturing and related service-industry jobs has affected the Detroit area, but there has been a small improvement in service-industry income growth in other parts of the state.

Loss of manufacturing and related service-industry jobs has affected many communities across the state, but there has been some improvement in service-industry employment in the city of Detroit.

Loss of manufacturing and related service-industry jobs has affected the Detroit metropolitan area, but the city of Detroit has experienced service-industry income growth.

Loss of manufacturing and related service-industry jobs has affected the city of Detroit, but the Detroit metropolitan area has experienced service-industry income growth.

When a company sends goods/services out for external production, typically where labor is cheaper to achieve comparative advantages have led to a decline in jobs in core regions and an increase in jobs in newly industrialized countries e.g. assembly of low skill goods in China , customer service/product support in India

Refers to the shift in the core to service industries and an associated shift to manufacturing in the semi-periphery and periphery as companies search for the cheapest locations to take advantage of low-cost labor to manufacture and assemble components which has been facilitated by improvements in transportation/communication technology

Designated area that has economic laws that are more free-market-oriented than a country's typical national laws e.g. Shenzhen, China

The relocation of business processes and services to a lower-cost foreign location particularly white-collar, technical, professional, and clerical services. ie. IT support, call centers

International Division of Labor

Refers to the shift in the core to service industries and an associated shift to manufacturing in the semi-periphery and periphery as companies search for the cheapest locations to take advantage of low-cost labor to manufacture and assemble components which has been facilitated by improvements in transportation/communication technology

When a company sends goods/services out for external production, typically where labor is cheaper to achieve comparative advantages have led to a decline in jobs in core regions and an increase in jobs in newly industrialized countries e.g. assembly of low skill goods in China , customer service/product support in India

Designated area that has economic laws that are more free-market-oriented than a country's typical national laws e.g. Shenzhen, China

The relocation of business processes and services to a lower-cost foreign location particularly white-collar, technical, professional, and clerical services. ie. IT support, call centers

Special Economic Zones

Designated area that has economic laws that are more free-market-oriented than a country's typical national laws e.g. Shenzhen, China

When a company sends goods/services out for external production, typically where labor is cheaper to achieve comparative advantages have led to a decline in jobs in core regions and an increase in jobs in newly industrialized countries e.g. assembly of low skill goods in China , customer service/product support in India

Refers to the shift in the core to service industries and an associated shift to manufacturing in the semi-periphery and periphery as companies search for the cheapest locations to take advantage of low-cost labor to manufacture and assemble components which has been facilitated by improvements in transportation/communication technology

The relocation of business processes and services to a lower-cost foreign location particularly white-collar, technical, professional, and clerical services. ie. IT support, call centers

Designated area that has economic laws that are more free-market-oriented than a country's typical national laws e.g. Shenzhen, China

Refers to the shift in the core to service industries and an associated shift to manufacturing in the semi-periphery and periphery as companies search for the cheapest locations to take advantage of low-cost labor to manufacture and assemble components which has been facilitated by improvements in transportation/communication technology

When a company sends goods/services out for external production, typically where labor is cheaper to achieve comparative advantages have led to a decline in jobs in core regions and an increase in jobs in newly industrialized countries e.g. assembly of low skill goods in China , customer service/product support in India

Happens when an increase in spending produces and increase in national income and consumption is greater than the initial amount spent e.g. a new factory will increase employment, which will stimulate employment in other businesses

System of production that is centered around using modern transportation to only order parts as needed and not by keeping large stockpiles in warehouses as in traditional mass production, the goal is to reduce costs by saving money on overhead inventory

Concentration of highly innovative and technically advanced industries that stimulate economic development in linked businesses and industries

Area that is devoted to research, development, and sale of high-technology products e.g. Silicon Valley in California

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