Unit E

What was the impact of the barriers of the feudal system falling on workers in relation to property rights and labor law?

• The falling of the feudal system barriers made no significant impact on workers as they were still under the control of their lords and could not acquire property through labor.

• The barriers of the feudal system falling meant that workers were free, and they could acquire property through labor. This meant a great change towards freedom in relation to labor law.

• The falling of the feudal system barriers led to workers being exploited by the rich and powerful, as they could not acquire property through labor and had no rights under labor law.

Who is Henry Sumner Maine and what was his contribution to legal development?

• Henry Sumner Maine was a famous English legal anthropologist and legal historian of the 19th century. He created the catchword "from status to contract," which was seen as a general line of legal development, particularly in relation to labor law.

• Henry Sumner Maine was a famous English mathematician who had no contribution to legal development.

• Henry Sumner Maine was a controversial figure who hindered legal development by supporting slavery.

According to Adam Smith, what was the market perspective on freeing labor, and how did this compare to the reality of the early 19th century?

• Adam Smith believed that freeing labor would only benefit the rich and powerful, while the working class would suffer even more.

• Adam Smith believed that freeing labor would be detrimental to workers from a market point of view. However, in reality, the increasing population did not create an oversupply of workers, making work and workers less replaceable, and employers were not forced to offer good, stable, and secure jobs.

• Adam Smith believed that freeing labor would be beneficial to workers from a market point of view. However, in reality, the increasing population created an oversupply of workers, making work and workers more replaceable, and employers were not forced to offer good, stable, and secure jobs.

How did the Catholic Church's stance on workers' rights change during the 19th century?

• While the Catholic Church did not always play a progressive role in legal modernity during the 19th century, Pope Leo XIII's Rerum Novarum in 1891 represented a significant shift in the Church's stance on workers' rights. The document explicitly addressed the problems facing workers, such as fair wages and dignity, and included a political program for unions from a Christian theological and moral standpoint.

• The Catholic Church actually became more opposed to workers' rights during the 19th century. Church leaders saw the rise of unions as a threat to their authority, and they actively worked to suppress the labor movement.

• The Catholic Church took a neutral stance on workers' rights during the 19th century. The Church believed that it was up to individuals to negotiate their own terms of employment, and it did not get involved in labor disputes.

How did Catholicism influence the development of trade unions in Southern Europe?

• Catholicism played a significant role in shaping the culture and social norms of Southern Europe, including the development of trade unions. The religious ideology shift towards protecting workers' health, dignity, and fair wages in Catholic theology, as seen in Pope Leo XIII's Rerum Novarum, provided legitimacy and support for workers' movements, particularly in Catholic-majority countries like Spain and Italy.

• Catholicism had no influence on the development of trade unions in Southern Europe. Workers organized themselves based on their own interests and needs, and religion played no role in the process.

• Catholicism actually hindered the development of trade unions in Southern Europe. The Church opposed unions because they were seen as a threat to the established social order, and this led to a more fragmented and ineffective labor movement.

In what ways did the development of collective agreements in France differ from England's laissez-faire approach?

• The development of collective agreements in France was actually much more centralized than in England. Unions played a larger role in negotiations, and the government was more involved in setting the terms of employment.

• The development of collective agreements in France actually followed the same laissez-faire approach as in England. Employers and workers were free to negotiate their own terms of employment without any government interference.

• The institutional framework for collective agreements, known as "conventions collectives," was introduced in France in 1919, which was a significant step for the country. In contrast, England followed a laissez-faire approach that did not prioritize collective agreements in the same way.

How did the rise of trade unions in Western Europe contribute to the development of labor law

• The rise of trade unions in Western Europe had no effect on the development of labor law. Governments and employers continued to set the rules for workplace behavior, and workers had to accept whatever terms were offered.

• The rise of trade unions in Western Europe contributed to the development of labor law by creating a category for legal protection for workers as a collective group, rather than just individual workers. This was necessary to address the issues faced by workers in the increasingly industrialized and socially detached precariat of the late 19th century.

• The rise of trade unions in Western Europe actually hindered the development of labor law. Unions were more interested in protecting their members than in promoting the interests of all workers, and this led to a fragmented and ineffective labor movement.

What were some of the regulatory measures for worker safety that emerged in the 19th century, and where did they originate?

• There were actually no regulatory measures for worker safety that emerged in the 19th century. Factory owners were left to regulate their own workplaces, and workers had to take their chances.

• The regulatory measures for worker safety that emerged in the 19th century actually originated in China. Chinese workers were the first to demand better working conditions and safer workplaces, and their ideas eventually spread to Europe and North America.

• Regulatory measures for worker safety that emerged in the 19th century included limitations on work hours, especially for children, and measures to ensure basic health conditions for workers. These measures originated in England and later spread to other countries in Europe.

How does the concept of surveillance behind livres d'ouvriers compare to electronic surveillance today?

• The concept of surveillance behind livres d'ouvriers can be compared to electronic surveillance today, such as social media and online activity, which potential employers can use to gather information about job applicants.

• The concept of surveillance behind livres d'ouvriers was actually much more advanced than electronic surveillance today. Livres d'ouvriers used a sophisticated system of codes and symbols to track workers' movements and behavior, whereas electronic surveillance today is much less nuanced.

• The concept of surveillance behind livres d'ouvriers was actually very primitive compared to electronic surveillance today. Livres d'ouvriers relied on handwritten notes and ledgers to track workers' behavior, whereas electronic surveillance today is much more advanced and can track workers' movements in real-time.

What was the dominant problem of European societies since the middle of the 19th century, and how did this affect political philosophy?

• The dominant problem of European societies since the middle of the 19th century was the decline of traditional family values, which led to moral decay and the breakdown of society.

• The dominant problem of European societies since the middle of the 19th century was the lack of religious freedom, which led to social unrest and conflict.

• The dominant problem of European societies since the middle of the 19th century was the situation of workers. This led to the entire political philosophy of the 19th century being focused on the issue of social justice and work, with the emergence of communism, socialism, and other ideologies.