GRADE 8 REVIEW 4TH QUARTER

the system in 10th-13th century European medieval societies where a social hierarchy was established based on local administrative control and the distribution of land into units

organized groups of merchants, traders, and artisans. They formed as a result of the increased taxes placed upon peasants by the ruling class under feudalism

A person under the protection of a feudal lord to whom he has vowed homage and fealty : a feudal tenant.

a piece of land held under the feudal system

a self-employed businessman – such as a merchant, banker, or entrepreneur during the middle ages.

a code of honor that emphasized bravery, loyalty, and generosity for knights at war in the 11th and 12th centuries.

A battle were Frankish leader Charles Martel, a Christian, defeats a large army of Spanish Moors, halting the Muslim advance into Western Europe.

the Frankish Kingdom (what is today parts of France, Germany, and surrounding lands) from 768 until his death in 814. He ruled as Holy Roman Emperor beginning in 800.

An English clergyman and scholar, who became a leading member of the Carolingian Court and a prominent figure in the subsequent Renaissance which emerged.

An based on the idea that a nation's wealth and power were best served by increasing exports and reducing imports. It focuses on the idea of accumulation of gold and silver.