Clinical Chemistry: Electrolytes and minerals

The movement of water in the body is controlled in different ways, which of these does not correlate with the transport

• The mechanism that requires energy and moves across cellular membrane is referred to active transport 

• Electrolytes exert an osmotic pressure that tends to hold water in a side

• Active transport depends on the size and charge of the lon being transported and on the nature of the membrane through which it is passing.

• Diffusion could as well be referred to passive movement

A physical property of a solution is based on what:

• The concentration of the solutes is expressed as weight over volume.

• Related to the colligative properties

• Millimoles per liter reporting

• Based on certain level of protein in the substance

. Which of these statements best correlates with the regulation of water:

• An excess of water will increase plasma osmolarity, hence ADH and thirst are suppressed.

• Thirst is the major defense against hyponatremia.

• Thirst plays an important role in the person with diabetes insipidus

• Both deficit and excess of water increase plasma osmolarity

Which of these factors does not affect blood volume

• Atrial natriuretic peptide

• Volume receptors

• Glomerular filtration rate

• pH of 7.38

What could be the best clinical significance of the calculated osmolarity

• To assess the response of the hypothalamus

• For the buffering capacity of the blood

• To diagnose for hepatis C

• for the determination of hypothalamic diabetes inspidus

Why is plasma used not recommended for the determination of osmolality?

• the basis of the test is based on the anticoagulant properties, hence it could lead to a false negative

• Anticoagulated tubes are much more expensive compared to normal Red top tubes

• Anticoagulant could introduce certain osmotically active substances into the plasma

• It is a general rule that serum is always better in most analytical tests

Which of this electrolyte is more associated with the normal distribution of water and osmotic pressure in various fluids

• Sodium

• magnesium

• Cobalt

• Potassium

Which hormone has the function of urinary excretion of sodium and relaxation of smooth muscle

• ADH

• Renin

• Atrial natriuretic factor

• ACTH

What is the most common classification of hyponatremia by osmolality

• Increase severe calcium

• Increase nitrogen

• Increase sodium loss

• increase hypercalcemia and hyperlipidemia

Which of these best correlate crushing syndrome

• Increase water retention.

• Increase sodium concentration

• Person with diabetes insipidus

• Person with Addison’s disease