psyc quiz 3

Akino is from Japan; her college roommate, Bree, is from the United States. While waiting in line to buy school supplies, they witness an irate customer yelling at the cashier. Later, when they discuss it, Akino is more likely to attribute the customer’s behavior to ________; Bree is more likely to attribute it to ________.

• the situation; their disposition

• cognitive dissonance; normative social influence

• their disposition; the situation

• normative social influence; cognitive dissonance

Loren thinks of her classmate Ada as a shy person. So, when she sees Ada speak confidently and assertively in front of their class while giving a mandatory presentation, Loren attributes Ada’s behavior to the course requirement. Loren’s explanation for Ada’s behavior is an example of

• a dispositional attribution.

• a situational attribution.

• the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

• cognitive dissonance.

We have a tendency to explain the behavior of strangers we have observed in only one type of situation in terms of ________ and to explain our own behavior in terms of ________.

• cognitive dissonance; attitudes

• situational constraints; personality traits

• personality traits; situational constraints

• attitudes; cognitive dissonance

The mental process people use to explain their behavior and the behavior of others is called

• cognitive dissonance.

• the fundamental attribution error.

• an attitude.

• an attribution.

Sharat did not do well on his last physics test. The tendency to make the fundamental attribution error might lead his tenth-grade teacher to conclude that Sharat earned a low grade because

• he is unmotivated to do well in school.

• his parents had an argument the evening before the test.

• the test covered material that had not been adequately covered in class.

• he was not given enough time to complete the test.

Fernando insists that his girlfriend’s biking accident resulted from her carelessness. His explanation for the accident provides an example of

• cognitive dissonance.

• a dispositional attribution.

• a situational attribution.

• the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

In Milgram's original obedience experiment, participants who were assigned the role of “teacher”

• were told to stop whenever they felt the slightest discomfort about what they were doing.

• seemed to enjoy shocking the “learner,” especially at the higher voltage levels.

• quickly figured out that the “learner” was not really being shocked.

• were deceived about the real role of the “learner” and the level of shock that he actually received.

Dr. Matsui is designing an experiment on obedience to authority. She will set up a learning laboratory and have participants deliver loud blasts of sound as punishment for incorrect answers given by a confederate of the researcher. How can Dr. Matsui increase the likelihood of the participants' obedience?

• She can set up the learning laboratory in a room above a restaurant.

• She can make sure the participants know that she has a Ph.D. from a prestigious university.

• She can have a second confederate in the room, who should be a role model for defiant behavior.

• She can make the participants think she is unsure of her role as an authority figure.

What were the basic results of psychologist Stanley Milgram's original obedience study?

• Despite hearing protests from the “learner” in another room, more than 60 percent of the participants continued to administer shocks all the way to the full 450-volt level.

• Even though ordered by the experimenter to do so, no participant went beyond the 300-volt level.

• The majority of the participants refused to continue the experiment when the “learner” first protested that the shocks were painful at the 90-volt level.

• Only about one-third of the participants continued to obey the experimenter and administer shocks beyond the 350-volt level.

Russell knows that smoking is bad for him but he continues to smoke up to two packs of cigarettes a day. He is likely to experience

• a new role.

• a new attitude.

• new attributions.

• cognitive dissonance.