PSY100 Module 2

Breland and Breland's work with "miserly raccoons" demonstrated

• how principles of reinforcement (derived from studies of rats and pigeons) easily generalize to raccoons

• differences in appropriate rewards for different species

• that there are biologically imposed limits to the generality of conditioning principles

• that raccoons are less conditionable, and therefore less intelligent, than rats and pigeons

Victor Vasarely pioneered an approach called

• pointillism

• kinetic art

• cubism

• proximal-closure

A dog is first conditioned to salivate to a tone. Then, a light is paired with the tone for a number of trials; finally, the light is presented alone, and the dog responds. This procedure is known as

• chaining

• higher-order conditioning

• compound conditioning

• sensory preconditioning

The theorist who advanced the wish-fulfillment idea about dreaming was

• Cartwright

• Hobson

• McCarley

• Freud

Sleep spindles, which appear against a background of mixed, mostly lower frequency EEG activity, are characteristic of

• stage 1 sleep

• stage 2 sleep

• stage 4 sleep

• REM sleep

There is strong evidence that marijuana causes __________ in humans

• permanent brain damage

• male sterility

• birth defects

• none of these effects

Shelby created an animated scene using her computer. She drew a frog as he started to jump, and then drew the frog landing. The computer created 24 pictures between these two points, which adjusted the frog's position very slightly. When the entire sequence of 26 pictures is displayed in rapid succession, the frog appears to hop smoothly. This perception of smooth action is one example of

• preattentive processing

• the phi phenomenon

• bottom-up processing

• feature detection

Carson used to really enjoy lime sherbet and when he was in Mexico he tried frozen lime margaritas. After his fourth margarita Carson became extremely ill. Now he finds that even the sight of lime sherbet in a bowl can make him feel queasy. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is

• the lime margaritas that Carson consumed

• the illness that followed the fourth margarita

• the sight of lime sherbet

• the queasiness that Carson feels when he sees lime sherbet

Our sense of smell shows evidence of sensory adaptation. The perceived strength of an odor usually

• fades to less than half its original strength within about four minutes

• increases to more than twice its original strength within about four minutes

• fades to less than half its original strength within a few seconds

• slowly increases over time, reaching a maximum in about 15 minutes

When Celeste was playing her stereo at 40 decibels and she turned it up to 44 decibels, she could notice that it was louder. Based on this information you could predict that if Celeste has her stereo playing at 80 decibels, her just noticeable difference for loudness would be

• 4 decibels, the same as it was at 40 decibels

• 2 decibels , half as much as it was at 40 decibels

• impossible to determine without more information

• 8 decibels, twice as much as it was at 40 decibels