What was the significance of the United States Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison (1803)?

Chief Justice John Marshall noted in his ruling that Congress had exceeded its Constituional authority, therefore the law in question was void. This was the first time that the Supreme Court had held an act of Congress to be unconstitutional and in doing so set a powerful precedent in the form of the doctrine of judicial review.

Chief Justice John Marshall’s ruling gave greater strength to Clause 18 of Section 8, which says that Congress can “make all laws which shall be necessary and proper” for carrying out its duties, thus limiting the power of the Executive Branch.

The Supreme Court ruled that the issue at the hear of Marbury v. Madison was interstate commerce, which is soley under the power of Congress as set forth in the Constitution.

The Supreme Court ruling affirmed that states could not pass any laws that would retroactively void private contracts. this placed greater limits on state legislatures.

“WE hold these truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness -- That to secure these Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just Powers from the Consent of the Governed, that whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these Ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its Foundation on such Principles, and organizing its Powers in such Form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness.” - The Declaration of Independence Action of Second Continental Congress, July 4, 1776 The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen United States of America Read the excerpt from The Declaration of Independence above. What essential idea of government is found within this passage?

The power of a government comes form the people whom it serves.

The British Monarch in 1776 had absolute power over his subjects.

The role of government is to control the ways in which people can pursue life, liberty and happiness.

The signers of the Declaration of Independence wanted to create a direct democracy in which all the people would vote on every issue.

Why were legal codes and written language important in early civilizations such as Sumer and Egypt?

They helped to unify many different peoples with distinct cultures under the authority of a single government.

They created societies in which everyone could read and write.

They created more powerful amries because the soldiers were able to read and write.

They established societies in which all people followed the same Gods.

What characteristic is common to Judaism, Christianity and Islam?

Belief in Jesus as the son of God

The map above shows four early civilizations of the Eastern Hemisphere. Based on the map, what is a logical reason for the location of each civilization?

They located near major river systems.

They located in the warmest places possible.

They located in the areas with the most forests.

They located in the places that could not be attacked by other civilizations.

What is an explanation of why today North Africa is prodominately monotheistic?

Islam spread through the region beginning in the Fifth Century C.E. as Arab Muslims conquered new territories.

Most people found it too expensive to pay tribute to many Gods.

The Silk Road brought many East Asian ideas to the region.

Alexander the Great Conquered Northnern Egypt before sweeping accross Southwest Asia.

What environmental change has the Sahel region West Africa experienced in recent decades?

Erosion due to increased rainfall

What is an example of the geography theme human-environment interaction?

In the Netherlands, dikes have been built to hold back the water of the North Sea.

Paris is located on the Rhine River, which connects to the Mediterranean Sea.

Switzerland is famous for its sharp peaked Alp Mountains.

Great Britain has one of the busiest airports in the world

What is an accurate physical description of Asia?

Asia contains the tallest mountain range in the world. It desterts in its center and Southwest. Tropical rainforests can be found in its Southern regions.

Asia is the second smallest continent in the Eastern Hemisphere

Asia’s mountain ranges are limited to the extreme northern part of the continent.

Asia was created when volcanoes located in present day Mongolia began to errupt and over time expanded the landmass outward.

What is an accurate description of the landform and climated characteristics of Southern Europe?

Southern Europe is mountainous and has an extremely long coastline on the Mediterranean Sea for which its warm climate is named.

Southern Europe very low in elevation with cold winters and cool dry summers.

Southern Europe is made up of plains which get a great deal of precipitation during their hot summers.

Southern Europe is mostly landlocked and is densly forested. It has warm winters hot summers.

What has been a cause for conflict between Pakistan and India?

After British rule of India ended, its Muslim population did not want to be a part of the largely Hindu country. Pakistan separated from India in 1947 but still have territorial disputes. Now, both countries are nuclear powers.

One cause for the coflict between India and Pakistan is the mistreatment of the Hindu population during the 1940s when India was a territory of Pakistan.

Pakistani / Indian condlict has its roots in World War II when India supported the Allies and Pakistan supported the Axis Powers. Today both countries have nuclear weapons.

India and Pakistan have had a conflicted relationship ever since both countries launced nuclear weapons at each other in the early 1990s fight over the disputed territory of Kashmir.

What is a likely consequence of the rapid industrialization of China?

The air quality in China has decreased, especially in major cities.

The mountains in China are becoming less fertile.

The mineral deposits in China have increased.

The average temperature in China has fallen by four degrees in the last decade.

In 2005 Hurricane Katrina made landfall in the United States along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Among the hardest hit places was New Orleans, Louisiana, leaving thousands of people homeless, injured or dead. Natural disasters occurr every year in many places around the world with varying severity. Storms, floods, tsunamis, earthquakes and landslides are just a few examples of natural disasters that can effect human populations and the environment in which they live. What choice would be faced by the residents of a place like New Orleans in the aftermath of a catastrophic natural disaster.

Should the residents attempt to clean up and rebuild or should they relocate to a place that is not so prone to natural disasters?

Should the residents pass a law banning natural disasters in the future?

Should the residents declare a federal emergency, opening the way for governent support of the victims.

Should the residents vote for different leadership who could help prevent natural disasters from occuring in the first place?

What type of citizen participation would you expect in an aboslute monarchy?

Citizens are responsible for paying all taxes and submitting to the will of the monarch.

Citizens are responsible for voting for leadership during public elections.

Citizens are responsible for deciding when they should obey or disobey laws.

Citizens are responsible for contributing ideas at town hall meetings and running for office.

In which situation would the United States be likely to ask the United Nations for assistance?

Two different allies of the United States are involved in a dispute over territory that could has led to violence.

The United States government wishes to enforce limitations on border crossings into the country.

The United States wishes to pass a law that would make illegal the domestic trade of products from war zones.

The United States is interested in expanding its economic relationship with industrialized nations in Asia.

What is one goal of European Union?

To unify and strenghthen the economies of member countries.

To dominate world politics and the economy.

To compete directly against international organizations from other regions.

To decrease the value of the American Dollar wihtin the borders of its member countries.

What is the role of incentives in a market economy?

Individuals work, that is, perform a service or produce something, for the purpose of receiving compensation of a value that is equal to, or more valuable than the service or product provided.

Individuals work in order to receive favor from governemnt officials or people of a higher status, thus, improving their own social standing.

Individuals work in order to recieve compliments and feelings of self-worth.

Individuals work, not by choice, but becuase they are forced to by the authorities who have selected them to serve.

How are many local public services, such as police and fire departments, and street maintanence funded in a market economy?

The local government collects funds from the public in the form of taxes, which have been approved by the public or by their elected representatives.

Federal government subsidies are paid to private businesses so that they will provide these services to the public.

Philanthropist organizations facilitate fundraising drives to secure donations which sustain these services.

Private companies fund these services in order to gain favor from the public and operate outside of legal limitations imposed on others.

How have advances in communications changed worldwide markets?

The ability to commnicate quickly with many people worldwide has increased the customer base which an industry can serve.

The ability to quickly communicate with many people worldwide has decreased the customer bases which inudstries can serve.

The ability to communicate with people via cell phone has made it possible for everyone in the world to participate in customer surveys.

The ability for industries to communicate with their customers via the internet has increased the likelyhood of complaints about products.

What is an accurate description of federalism in the United States?

The division of power between the states and the national government.

The centralization of power in a national government.

A legislature that is made up of two houses instead of one.

A government in which there are three branches, each which has distinct powers and responsibilities.

Which issues were addressed by the Three-Fifths Compromise?

The Three-Fifths Compromise addressed the issue of whether slaves would be counted as part of the population of a state and how they would factor in determining the representation of that state.

The Three-Fifths Compromise addressed the issues of whether the Supreme Court could overturn a law and of who could vote in an election.

The Three-Fifths Compromise addressed the issues of determining a path to statehood for territories and of how to rectify conflicting land claims.

The Three-Fifths Compromise addressed the issues of which rights citizens would enjoy and of the number of houses in the legislature.

How does the United States Constitution limit the power of the federal government?

The United States Constitution divides the federal government into three branches, each with specific powers to check the other branches.

The United States Constitution requires that all government officials must have attended law school.

The United States Constitution requires that states may impose laws not restricted by the Federal Government.

The United States Constitution requires that a popular vote be held before the Federal Government can pass any laws.

Identify what the Anti-Federalists apposed about the United States Constitution.

Anti-Federalists were concerned that a centralized government would be two powerful, thus preferred a loose association of states.

Ani-Federalists were concerned that a supreme court should only be composed of three judges.

Anti-Federalists were concerned that there would be two many political parties allowed under the constitution.

Anti-Federalists were concerned that the southern states would be disproportionately represented under the Constitution.

What was the purpose of adding a Bill of Rights to the Constitution?

The Bill of Rights was designed to protect the personal liberties of citizens from a powerful government.

The Bill of Rights was designed to give federal judges the power to overturn legislation.

The Bill of Rights was designed to give citezens ability refuse to comply with legislation.

the Bill of Rights was designed to give the legislature the power to override a presidential veto in order to pass a law.

What is the primary function of the United States Supreme Court?

The Supreme Court is the highest court in the nation. It has the power to interpret all laws passed within the national borders as well as the Constitution. Additionally, the Supreme Court has the power to review an action of the legislative or executive branch and declare it unconstitutional.

The Supreme Court has the power to override a presidential veto by a two-thirds vote. This gives the justices ultimate authority over which laws are passed in the nation.

The Supreme Court gives each state equal representation as its members are elected directly by the people as stipulated in the Seventeenth Amendment to the Constitution. However, prior to its adoption, the justices were elected by the state legislatures.

The Supreme Court balances the United States’ system of government by giving voice to many different political ideologies. Justices are able to determine the proper course of action through compromise, thus, avoiding politically extreme or radical policies.

What is a reason for regional differences within the United States in the early nineteenth century?

In the northeast where mineral and other raw materials were plentiful, heavy industry and commerce became increasingly important to the economy. The Southern geography, by contrast, benefitted from rich soil and long growing seasons, making agriculture, especially a few large cash crops, the center of its regional economy.

The population of the South was much smaller than in the North. Because the workforce was smaller, it was very difficult for mills and factories to maintain production in the South.

In the South there weren’t very many wealthy people in the early nineteenth century. This lack of startup capital made it nearly impossible for any growth of industry in the region.

Public and private schools were far more numerous and organized in the North in the early 1800s. This meant that there was a much larger population of educated northerners than southerners.

What is an accurate reason for U.S. westward expansion in the late 1700s through the 1800s?

An abundance of inexpensive and high quality land made settling in the west an attractive risk for many.

Native American Tribes were forcefully relocated.

The federal government placed restrictions on how much land a person could own in the east.

Moving west was a not very risky since most of the territory west of the Appalachians was developed and had many profitable industries.

What impact did the Mexican-American War have on the United States?

The Mexican-American War ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo which increased the United States’ territory by about one-third.

The Mexican-American War ended with the United States losing about one-third of its territory.

The Mexican-American War ended with the United States more than doubling in size with the addition of the Louisiana territory.

The Mexican-American War ended when General Santa-Anna captured the Alamo in present day San Antonio, Texas

Identify which democratic value was violated by the Three-Fifths Compromise

Power comes from the consent of the governed.

Do to others as you would have them do to you.

Power should be divided between several branches of government.

Which event could possibly explain why two countries on different continents share a common cultural trait?

Beginning in 587 B.C.E the Jewish people were driven from their home regions by various peoples who came to power, such as the Assyrians, Chaldeans and Romans. This is known as the Diaspora.

Sidhartha Gautama traveled great distances carrying the message of Buddhism. After he died it quickly spread to many parts of the world becoming a major religion in Europe and Africa.

The Silk Road facilitated the spread of Christianity from the late Roman empire to China where it became a major force in government and politics.

The Persians attempted to conquer the Greek mainland for about twenty years in the early 400s B.C.E. before they were finally driven away.

Which geographic region depends on a certain feature of an ecosystem for agricultural purposes?

Much of the economy in the countries of Southeast Asia is based on farming. The tropical wet climate and many low mountain vallies provide the perfect growing conditions for rice and certain fruits and nuts.

The Southern regions of Algeria, Libya and Egypt make use of the highly fertile soil to grow huge cash crops of fruits and vegetables.

The logging industry is very prosporous in Southern European countries such as Greece where vast expanses of flat land and mile temperatures facilitate the growth of large hardwood forests.

Because of its long shoreline Mongolia relies mostly on fishing to sustain its economy and its food source.

The map above shows the 2011 population density of the Scandanavian region, including the countries of Norway, Sweden Finland and Denmark. What is the most likely reason for the pattern of settlement in this region?

Most people live near the coast were fishing and transportation are more accessable, and in the southernmost parts of Scandanavia since its northern latitudes have a very cold climate.

Most people live very close to the border of another country since the quality of life in Scandanavia is very low.

Most people live in the southern parts of Scandanavia because of fears of Mythical Nordic gods and monsters among their ancient Viking ancestors.

Most people live near the coast because the countries themselves are relatively narrow.

In 1968 engineers completed the construction of the Aswan High Dam in the Upper Nile region of Egypt. How has this man-made structure affected surrounding regions?

Egyptians that live downstream of the dam are able to plant crops more than once a year because the dam controls the Niles flood waters. The dam provides hydroelectic power to Egyptian industrial centers.

The dam brings leaders with different political opinions from all over Egypt together. Egyptians all support the way the dam is currently used.

The dam construction has caused the climate of Northern Egypt to change since it restricts the flow of water downstream.

Fewer people live near the Nile now since the government can flood the river basin more than once a year.

Which characteristic of government is typcial of a democracy but not of a dictatorship?

Citizens exercise supreme power by voting on issues and electing leaders.

A single person or group of people exercise supreme power over the citizens by controlling the military and police.

A single ruler exercises supreme power based on heredity or divine right.

All issues are decided by a group of people who are chosen by a single ruler to represent regions within a country.

History Review grades 6-8 Quiz

1.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

The Fourteenth Amendment defined who could be considered a U.S. citizen. Which group did the amendment exclude from U.S. citizenship?

Confederacy supporters

African Americans

antislavery supporters

Native Americans

2.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

What was the objective of the Freedman’s Bureau during Reconstruction?

To provide relief to freed slaves and poor white southerners including, education and food.

To punnish former rebel fighters for their actions during the Civil War.

To register former slaves to vote in southern states.

To establish laws that would limit the freedoms of former slaves and other minority southerners.

3.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

After Reconstruction, southern governments passed the Black Codes to

limit the civil rights of freed African Americans.

show the federal government that the South could not be controlled.

provide work opportunities for freed African Americans in the South.

take steps to integrate African Americans into southern culture.

4.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Which choice correctly identifies the purpose of the Fourteenth Amendment?

Abolishes Slavery

Ensures that all persons born in the United States, excluding Native Americans, are given full and equal benefit of the law.

Males of color shall enjoy full voting rights.

Freedom speech.

5.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Sojourner Truth could accurately be described as a(n)...

former slave who became well known abolitionist. She gave many public speeches and even successfully challenged the illegal sale of her son in court to win his freedom.

militant abolitionist who led an attack in the Western slave state of Kansas that resulted in the

abolitionist who was instrumental in the creation of the nation of Liberia for freed slaves who returned to Africa.

former slave who founded a school in Alabama for freed slaves and other African Americans.

6.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

What did major river systems provide early civilizations?

Protection from predators

Isolation

Communication with the Gods

Resources to help grow crops

7.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

What is a real-world example of religion as a factor of cultural diffusioin?

As the Roman empire conquered large sections of Europe they made many many improvements to the infrastructure those lands.

Strict practices of dress and diet associated with Islam spread accross northern Africa and the Middle East as a result of Arab conquests.

The use of iron for tools and weapons spread in Northeastern Africa, in part, as a result of fighting between the Egyptians and the Nubians.

Belief in many Gods spread throughout Europe during the reign of Constantine because of increased trade with the Indian subcontinent.

8.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

For what reasons was the Great Wall of China significant?

It helped China secure an extremely long portion of its border and provide relatively quick responses to military threats.

It gave the people of China a way show their dedication to the Emperor and improve their status in the next life.

It made China more attractive to foreign trade by making it look more impressive to its neighbors.

It became a source of national pride for the ancient Chinese people, and fostered a sense of trust in the emperor amongst the people.

9.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

3 mins • 1 pt

"That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.”
ABRAHAM LINCOLN, President of the United States - 1863
The quote above is from President Abraham Lincolns 1863 Emancipation Proclemation. What is an accurate statement about the immediate effect of this historic document?

The Emancipation Proclemation convinced all states west of the Mississippi River to fight for the Union, rather than the Confederacy.

The Emancipation Proclemation angered residents of northern states who felt that the war was never about slavery.

The Emancipation Proclemation had virtually no effect on Confederate states as they ignored its commands.

The Emancipation Proclemation made it nearly impossible for Confederate soldiers and sympathizers to be reintegrated into the Union once the war was over.

10.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

1 min • 1 pt

Identify the effect of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854.

The Act made it more expensive for the south to buy foreign manufactured products.

The Act made it easier for southern states to export their crops to other countries.

The Act increased tensions between the anti-slavery north and the pro-slavery south.

The Act fostered a period of cooperation between northern and southern states. It proved to many that the two regions had more in common than differences.

History Review grades 6-8

60 questions

The Fourteenth Amendment defined who could be considered a U.S. citizen. Which group did the amendment exclude from U.S. citizenship?

What was the objective of the Freedman’s Bureau during Reconstruction?

After Reconstruction, southern governments passed the Black Codes to

Which choice correctly identifies the purpose of the Fourteenth Amendment?

Sojourner Truth could accurately be described as a(n)...

What did major river systems provide early civilizations?

What is a real-world example of religion as a factor of cultural diffusioin?

For what reasons was the Great Wall of China significant?

Identify the effect of the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854.

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