CLJ 3A Q4

When the contents of documents, records, photographs, or numerous accounts are voluminous and cannot be examined in court without great loss of time, and the fact sought to be established is only the general result of the whole, the contents of such evidence may be presented in the form of a chart, summary, or calculation.

• Conclusion

• Summaries

• Abstract

• Lessons

Evidence found at a crime scene in small but measurable amounts such as hairs, fibers, soils, botanical materials, explosive residue.

• Solid

• Liquid

• Trace

• Large

Authentication to pictures and photographs, maps, diagrams, the authenticity refers to proving the accuracy of the things, persons, things or places depicted in the photographs which may through the testimony of any of the following:

• Anyone who is not familiar with the persons, things, places shown therein.

• Photographer

• Photo studios

• Anyone who is not aware with the persons, things, places shown therein.

These are evidence exhibited to the Court or observed by it during the trial.

• Disputed boundaries

• Trace evidence

• Crime scene

• Weapons used

This is done by proving the Proper Preservation of the object which consist of showing that the object was kept in a secure place as to make contamination or alteration difficult, and it has not been brought out until its presentment in court.

• Proof of Identity and Integrity

• Proof of Identity

• Proof of Integrity

• Proof of Similarity

Authentication is conducted to preserve this feature of the object aiming the prevention of introduction of a different object

• Integrity

• Identity

• Similarity

• Familiarity

The presentation of evidence is not necessary in the following instances, except:

• Where the existence of the object is the very fact in issue.

• Where the existence of the object are merely used as reference. 

• Where the existence of the object is merely a collateral fact.

• Where the existence of the object is not the very fact in issue.

Every person who is physically involved in a crime leaves some minute trace of his presence in the crime scene or in the victim and often takes something away from the crime scene and victim.

• Principle of Familiarity

• Principle of Contact

• Principle of Proximity

• Principle of Similarity

Through the testimony of a witness as to objects which are readily identifiable by sight provided there is a basis for the identification by the witness.

• Proof of Identity

• Proof of Identity and Integrity

• Proof of Integrity

• Proof of Similarity

The following objects which are offensive to man’s sensibilities or repulsive objects are excluded to be presented, except:

• Presentation of the corpse or body parts

• Killing of an animal to prove a substance is poison

• Carcasses of dead animals

• Waste matters, human excreta