BIO Category 3: Part1 PQ (22-23)

7B The diagram shows data on the evolution of horses.

The data in the diagram is evidence that —

• a new species of horse suddenly appeared

• horses slowly developed over time

• horses have similar stages of rapid embryological development

• horses have a common ancestry with other hooved animals

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7C Male guppies found in areas without predators are more colorful than the ones found in locations with large predator populations. A population of adult guppies originating from an area with a large number of predators is transferred to a nearby area with few predators.

Which of these is most likely to happen over a few generations?

• The mortality rate of the guppies will increase.

• Offspring will stop competing for resources.

• There will be an increase in mutations in the offspring.

• There will be an increase in the number of colorful guppies.

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7D White-tailed deer are seasonal breeders. Female white-tailed deer begin their reproductive cycle in the fall. Rising testosterone levels in male white-tailed deer cause them to start their breeding season around the same time. Offspring are born the following spring and summer.

What is the most likely explanation for white-tailed deer having a seasonal breeding cycle instead of a monthly breeding cycle like many domesticated animals?

• Male and female deer come into contact with each other only in the fall.

• Large predators are not found in deer habitats during the spring and summer months.

• Giving birth only in the spring and summer ensures that offspring are born when food is most available.

• Deer give birth in the spring and summer in order to avoid being pregnant during the hot summer months.

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7A Scientists can determine relatedness among organisms by comparing partial amino acid sequences. The table shows four partial amino acid sequences from four organisms.

Which organism is the LEAST related to the other three organisms?

• Organism 1

• Organism 2

• Organism 3

• Organism 4

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7B: Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould researched the lenses of the eyes of fossil trilobites of different species. In 1972 they published a paper in which they described the tendency of a species to remain the same until a sudden change in the environment causes a new related to appear. Which hypothesis was most challenged by the work of Eldredge and Gould?

• Redi's hypothesis that spontaneous generation does not occur

• Haeckel's hypothesis that embryological development mimics the evolution of species

• Wallave's hypothesis that geography affects the distribution of species

• Darwin's hypothesis that the development of species is a slow, gradual process

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7A: The image shows part of the humerus bone in different genera of primates. Which statement is best supported by the observable structures of the different humerus bones?

• The primates live in similar environments

• The primates shared a common ancestor

• The primates interbreed with similar organisms in a population

• The primates had diets that consisted of similar types of foods

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NGSS.MS-LS4-2

7B: The graph shows the number of taxa of reptiles whose fossilized tracks have been found. Which statement is best supported by these data?

• Competition for food and shelter among reptile species was very low during the Triassic period

• A great extinction occurred during the Jurassic period

• Environmental conditions for speciation were most favorable for reptiles during the Permian period

• Reptiles adapted to a terrestrial environment during the Cretaceous period

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7A: Cetaceans are whales and their relatives. The diagram shows some fossils of cetaceans. Which statement provides the best evidence that Ambulocetus natans is an ancestor of Basilosaurus isis?

• Homologous structures occur in each fossil

• Similar nitrogenous bases are found in the DNA of each fossil

• The fossils were found in different locations

• The youngest fossil is larger than the older fossils

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7A Three species of lizards of the genus Gallotia are found on the Canary Islands, a chain of seven volcanic islands off the west coast of Africa. The easternmost island, Lanzarote, is the oldest, while the westernmost island, El Hierro, is the youngest. The distribution of lizard species is shown on the map.

Which statement about the ancestry of the lizards from the genus Gallotia is best supported by this information?

• The common ancestor of the lizards first colonized the island of El Hierro

• The ancestors of each species came from different continents at different times

• The common ancestor of the lizards probably came from Africa

• The ancestors of each species evolved in Spain and were brought to the islands at the same time.

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7D: The green frog (Lithobates clamitans clamitans) is found in many parts of the United States. The table contains some information about this frog. Why does the ability to lay 1,000 to 5,000 eggs increase the fitness of the species L. clamitans clamitans?

• It increases opportunities for offspring to compete for limited resources

• It increases the probability that some offspring will survive long enough to reproduce

• It increases the probability that moving water will promote gene flow from one population to another.

• It increases the chance of the recombination of alleles, leading to genetic drift in the population.

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