Canli, Dement, Schachter and Singer, Andrade, Baron-Cohen

What was the aim(s) of Canli’s study?

• Does level of emotional intensity affect memory of stimuli?

• Are eye movements related to dream content?

• an cognitive factors lead individuals to describe feelings with any number of emotional labels when physically aroused with no adequate explanation?

• Is the amygdala sensitive to varying degrees of emotional intensity?

What was the sample for Canli’s study?

• 185 male University of Minnesota students taking introductory psychology. received course credit for participation

• 7 males and 2 female adults

• 10 right-handed female volunteers

What kind of experiment was Canli’s study?

• laboratory experiment

• natural experiment

• case study

What experimental design was used for Canli’s study?

• repeated measures design

• independent measures design

• matched pairs design

What was the independent variable in Canli’s study?

• Intensity of emotional arousal (scale of 0-3; self-reported)

• Knowledge of injections

• Emotional situation placed in

• Whether participants were woken up from REM sleep, nREM sleep, or at random

What was the dependent variable in Canli’s study?

• memory of stimuli (measured 3 weeks later)

• self-report of emotion felt following arousal

• Amygdala activation (from fMRI)

• Whether or not participants recalled a dream

• Observations (non-participant observers)

What were the results of Canli’s study?

• Participant ratings of emotional intensity reflected the valence and arousal characteristics of stimuli

• Uninterrupted dream stages typically last 3-50 minutes (avg. ~20 min), are longer later at night, and show intermittent bursts of ~2-100 rapid eye

• Scenes rated as highly emotionally intense were recalled better than those rated lower.

• In the euphoria condition: misinformed patients reported feeling happier, while informed patients reported feeling the least positive. The same occurred in the anger condition

What approach was the Canli Study?

• Learning

• Social

• Cognitive

• Biological

What approach was the Dement and Kleitman Study?

• Biological

• Learning

• Cognitive

• Social

Dement and Kleitman: Pick ONE strength and ONE Weaknes

• Weakness: Used deception which is an ethical issue

• Strength: Was a field experiment (Had high control over extraneous variables)

• Strength: Was a laboratory experiment (Had high control over extraneous variables)

• Weakness: Did not contain deception which is an ethical issue