TA Section 9 (4/25)

Which is NOT a hallmark of cancer?

• Resisting cell death

• Inhibiting angiogenesis

• Evading growth supressors

• Sustaining proliferative signalling

Answer explanation

Angiogenesis is UP-regulated in cancer, not inhibited.

What might cause a proto-oncogene to become an oncogene?

• Coding sequence mutation

• Multiple copies of gene in the DNA

• Rearrangement of gene to a different part of the genome

• All of the above

How is Ras commonly mutated/changed in cancer?

• Over-expressed

• Higher affinity for GDP

• Fused to another protein

• Constitutively active

What do OKSM factors do?

• induce somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells

• differentiate stem cells into somatic cells

• Inhibit cell proliferation

• Inhibit cell-to-cell communication and signalling

Tumor suppressor genes = ____+____ mutations, and oncogenes = ____+____ mutations.

• recessive + loss of function, dominant + gain of function

• dominant + gain of function, recessive + loss of function

• dominant + loss of function, recessive + gain of function

• recessive + gain of function, dominant + loss of function

When APC is mutated in cancer, it is ____ causing the Wnt signalling pathway to always be "___."

• active, off

• active, on

• inactive, off

• inactive, on

Metastasis involves epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MST), part of which is the ____ of E-cadherin.

• upregulation

• downregulation

• mutation

Which of the following is a totipotent cell?

• Egg

• Zygote

• Erthyrocyte

• Stem Cell

Tissues with constant turnover include

• Haematopoietic system

• Intestine

• Brain

• Skeletal Muscle

The role of goblet cells is

• Absorption

• Stem cell renewal

• Mucus secretion

• Insulin secretion