Margaret stores tomatoes together with apples and oranges, rather than together with carrots and celery. This is most likely an example of which Gestalt principle?

• proximity

• similarity

• figure and ground

• continuity

• closure

The brain's occipital lobe controls

• impulse control

• hearing and language processing

• planning and goal-setting

• pain recognition

• visual processing

Kerri didn't bother to study much for her medical school entrance exam. She believed that, if she was meant to be a doctor, she would do well on the test and ultimately get accepted to medical school. Which of the following is most likely to be true based on this information?

• She has an external locus of control.

• She suffers from learned helplessness.

• She has an internal locus of control.

• She has a self-serving bias.

• She lacks self-esteem.

A psychology professor examining the effects of teacher praise on academic performance randomly assigns each of her students to one of two groups: high praise or low praise. She praises her students accordingly and then administers a test: the "high praise" students perform an average of 13% better than they did on the last exam, while the "low praise" students perform only 6% better on average. The independent variable in this study is

• the test scores earned by the two groups

• how well the teacher expected the two groups to perform

• how well the students performed on the last test prior to the experiment.

• the amount of praise given to the students

• the difference between the average improvement rates demonstrated by the "high praise" and "low praise" groups

Fred received a score of 120 on a standardized college entrance exam, which places him in the 68th percentile. This means that

• he answered 68% of the questions correctly

• 32% of the students who took that test scored lower than he did

• he scored higher than 68% of the students who took that test

• 68% of the students who took that test scored higher than he did

• a score of 120 is below average for that test

One evening Carol wears clothing that she herself thinks is appropriate, but is sharply criticized by her community for dressing in that manner. Upon learning of the criticism, Carol is overcome with shame and guilt and swears to never wear clothing of that type again. According to Kohlberg, Carol is most likely at which level/stage of moral development?

• preconventional morality

• stage 8: integrity vs. despair

• conventional morality

• stage 6: universal ethical principles

• stage 1: punishment and obedience orientation

According to Freudian theory, a lifelong criminal with no regard for others' rights has probably failed to develop a(n)

• id

• ego

• superego

• Oedipal complex

• fixation

Conversion disorder (or "functional neurological symptom disorder") might cause an individual to complain of which one of the following problems?

• a debilitating fear of heights

• a fear of germs

• paralysis for which there is no apparent medical explanation

• a compulsion to inflict self-harm

• delusions of grandeur

A child who has mastered conservation understands that

• objects still exist even thought they can't be seen

• human law is fallible and subject to a higher morality

• abstract ideas can be represented by symbols

• a given amount of liquid remains the same despite being poured into a smaller container

• outward expression of aggressive impulses will displease authority figures

Which of the following best exemplifies the halo effect?

• Louise is the best student in her algebra class, so her teacher praises her constantly in front of the other students.

• Louise has won the annual skiing competition for the past three years, so everyone assumes she'll win again this year.

• Louise has the highest GPA in her class, so everyone assumes she'll be the best cheerleader on the new team and votes to make her captain.

• Louise is the most obedient child out of all her siblings, so her parents reward her with special privileges.

• Louise is such an exceptionally talented ballerina that the other ballerinas in her class seem mediocre in comparison, even though some are quite good.