Ch 4- Development of Occupations and Skills from Infancy on

Which principle does not follow neuromaturational theory?

• The sequence and rate of motor development are consistent among infants.

• Movement emerges from an interaction and cooperation from many systems.

• Movement progresses from primitive reflexes to voluntary control.

• Low-level skills are pre-requisites for certain high-level skills.

Answer explanation

Dynamical systems theory refers to performance or action patterns that emerge from the interaction and cooperation from many systems. Neuromaturational theory states that skills emerge sequentially according to the maturation of the CNS structures and thus, children attain developmental milestone in linear and consistent patterns.

Which stage of motor learning is illustrated as the toddler attempts to place a shape into a container multiple times using an effective reach and grasp pattern often, but making errors?

• Skill achievement

• Perceptual learning

• Functional performance

• Exploratory activity

Answer explanation

In perceptual learning the child begins to use the feedback and reinforcement from his or her exploration. In this transitional stage, the child exhibits more consistency in the movement patterns used to accomplish tasks.

What is the recommended sleep for 14 to 17 year olds?

• 14 to 17 hours

• 8 to 10 hours

• 12 to 15 hours

• 9 to 11 hours

Answer explanation

Appendix 4.6

Sleep Recommendations for Children by Age : While every child is slightly different in terms of how much sleep they need, most require the following to be fully rested:

Newborn 0-3 months: 14-17 hours

Infants 4-11 months: 12-15 hours

Toddler 1-2 years: 10-13 hours

Preschooler 3-5 years: 10-13 hours

School aged 6-13 years: 9-11 hours

Teenagers 14-17 years: 8-10

hours

Young Adult 18-25 years: 7-9 hours

Retreived https://sleepfoundation.org/excessivesleepiness/content/how-much-sleep-do-babies-and-kids-need

What type of play involves looking and touching the mother’s face, putting hands in one’s mouth and responding to familiar people?

• Exploratory

• functional or relational

• pretend

• symbolic or imaginary

Answer explanation

The play of infants in the first 12 months is exploratory and social; it is related to bonding with caregivers. See Appendix 4 -7 describing the development of play. As in every stage, these occupations overlap (e.g., bonding occurs during exploratory play with the parent's hair and face, and the parent's holding supports the infant's play with objects). Much of the infant's awake and alert time is spent in exploratory play, often play that occurs in the caregiver's arms or with the caregiver nearby.

Which of the following is not an occupation-centered model of practice?

• Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and Engagement

• Person-environment-occupation-participation

• Biomechanical approach

• Model of Human Occupation

Answer explanation

The top down approach to examining occupational development is useful in understanding this distinction. Occupation-centered models of practice, such as Model of Human Occupation, Performance-Environment-Occupation-Participation, Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and Engagement use a top-down approach by determining the person’s desires, goals, needs within the context in which the person performs. See Chapter 2 for a description of the models. The occupational access discrete abilities (i.e., performance components) to clarify how these limitations influence daily tasks and how to address the limitations (Coster, 1998).