Which of the following is the best example of a tragedy of the commons?

Accumulation of plastics in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch

Depletion of crude oil on private lands

Requiring permits for grazing cattle on United States parklands

Eutrophication of a pond on a farmer’s land

Which of the following correctly pairs a greenhouse gas with its primary anthropogenic source?

Nitrous oxide and agricultural practices

Methane and vehicular emissions

Nitrous oxide and agricultural practices

Carbon dioxide and municipal solid waste from homes

Which of the following best describes a disadvantage of using genetically engineered crops over crops that are not genetically modified?

Genetically engineered plants can decrease the genetic diversity of the crop.

Genetically engineered plants require greater use of pesticides.

Genetically engineered plants require more land to grow on.

Genetically engineered plants are more likely to spread disease throughout the crop.

Based on the diagram, this country is likely experiencing

No net change in population growth

Which of the following is a measure of the biodiversity of an ecosystem?

The total number of different plant species

The total number of individuals of a single animal species

The density of individuals in a hectare

The soil depth at which burrowing insects are located

Which of the following best describes a natural process that adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere?

Carbon dioxide is released from the interior of Earth during volcanic eruptions.

Plants excrete carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.

Deposition of sediments into ocean basins release carbon dioxide from rock.

Burial of dead plants and animals in swamps and bogs allows carbon dioxide to escape to the atmosphere.

Which of the following correctly identifies the type of habitat change(s) shown within each potential scenario in the diagram?

All scenarios experienced habitat loss, but only Scenario 3 experienced habitat fragmentation.

Scenario 1 experienced habitat fragmentation, while Scenarios 2 and 3 experienced habitat loss only.

All scenarios experienced habitat fragmentation, but only Scenario 2 experienced habitat loss.

Scenarios 1 and 2 experienced habitat loss, while Scenarios 3 experienced habitat fragmentation only.

Which of the following would be most likely to occur in the scenarios that have experienced habitat loss and/or fragmentation in the diagram?

Decrease in the number of specialist species

Increase in territory size of large mammals

Increase in genetic diversity of native species

Decrease in the abundance of invasive species

Which of the following would be the most likely explanation for the changes shown in Scenario 3 ?

Roads and electric power lines subdivided the landscape into smaller pieces and decreased the amount of available habitat.

Native species were replanted in the areas, which led to fewer niches.

The increased edge-to-interior ratio resulted in habitat fragmentation and the formation of smaller, more manageable parcels of land.

Habitat corridors were built to allow individuals between populations to mate, which helped to prevent inbreeding and reduce the genetic diversity often found in isolated populations.

Which of the following is a possible effect of global climate change as illustrated in Scenario 1 ?

Increased sea level would reduce the size of the habitat patches.

Increased carbon dioxide availability spurs plant growth, which would increase habitat size.

Decreased temperatures would cause unsuitable abiotic conditions.

Decreased precipitation would eliminate habitat patches.

Which of the following best describes the frog species’ range of tolerance to acidic conditions?

The frogs can tolerate a pH between 4.5 and 6.

The frogs can tolerate any pH greater than 6.

The frogs can tolerate a pH between 3.5 and 5.

The frogs can tolerate any pH less than 4.

Which of the following best describes a supporting ecological service provided by wetlands?

Wetlands provide a habitat for a wide variety of organisms.

Wetlands serve as a source of aesthetic inspiration for art and literature.

Wetlands provide opportunities for ecotourism, which provides revenue to the local economy.

Wetlands serve as a major reservoir for nitrogen in the nitrogen cycle.

Which of the following best describes the change in the elk population since the introduction of wolves into Yellowstone in 1995?

The elk population steadily decreased in numbers.

The elk population steadily increased in numbers.

The elk population remained stable, experiencing little changes.

The elk population reached carrying capacity and experienced overshoot.

Which of the following is a potential disadvantage of reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone?

Wolves leaving the park may prey on livestock in grazing land outside the park.

The wolves are causing a trophic cascade that could further increase the number of beavers and tree species such as willows and aspens.

Wolves are extremely fast breeders and may become an invasive species if they get outside the park.

The ecosystem could collapse because wolves were never in Yellowstone before 1995.

Based on the diagrams above, which of the following best explains how urban runoff could be decreased?

Replace traditional pavement with more porous pavement to increase ground infiltration.

Decrease the number of trees in urban areas to increase ground infiltration.

Increase the number of trees to decrease the amount of evapotranspiration.

Replace more porous pavement with traditional pavement to decrease the amount of evapotranspiration.

Which of the following best describes the spotted lanternfly in the United States?

The spotted lanternfly is an r-selected and invasive species.

The spotted lanternfly is a K-selected and invasive species.

The spotted lanternfly is a K-selected and endangered species.

The spotted lanternfly is an r-selected and endangered species.

Which of the following best describes the energy resource used most often for heating and cooking in less developed countries?

Biomass is the predominant fuel source because it is easily obtained locally.

Cogeneration from fuel oil systems is primarily used because it has low up-front costs.

Bituminous coal is primarily used because of its relative abundance and high moisture content.

Natural gas is the most prevalent fuel source because it is readily available and produces few air pollutants.

Which of the following best explains an anthropogenic cause of the trend illustrated on the graph?

Increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations from burning of fossil fuels and vehicle emissions are contributing to ocean acidification.

Increased atmospheric CO2 concentrations from volcanic eruptions and cellular respiration are contributing to coral bleaching.

Increased atmospheric NOx concentrations from fertilizers and livestock operations are contributing to a decrease in acid deposition in the ocean.

Increased atmospheric NOx concentrations from decomposition in landfills is contributing to eutrophication.

Industrial scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators collect enormous amounts of particulate matter (coal ash) at coal-burning power plants. Which of the following best describes an environmental disadvantage of using industrial scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators for pollution abatement?

Coal ash contains toxic levels of several different pollutants, so when it is collected and stored long-term in coal ash ponds, there is increased risk of exposure to toxic metals.

Coal ash is highly flammable, and it is very hazardous to ship the materials to hazardous waste landfills.

Industrial scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators cannot remove fine particles like dust and smoke from the waste, so a secondary measure must be used.

Industrial scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators are very costly to install and increase the cost of operating coal-burning power plants, leading to increased costs for consumers.

Bats use echolocation to find prey by emitting high-pitched bursts of sound and analyzing the reflection. Scientists studying a population of bats in a forest observed that their population size had declined in the years following the completion of a nearby highway. Based on the information above, which of the following best explains how noise pollution from the highway has affected the size of the bat population?

The highway noise is interfering with bats’ echolocation, preventing them from successfully locating and catching prey as they fly.

The highway noise is decreasing the bats’ echolocation, allowing them to catch more prey each night.

The highway noise is producing sound waves that disrupt air flow, preventing the bats from flying at night.

The highway noise is attracting more bats to the forest, causing an increase in intraspecies competition.

Which of the following statements best uses the data to support the claim that the Montreal Protocol was an effective solution for a global problem?

The Montreal Protocol led to a dramatic reduction in CFC production globally after 1987, which greatly reduced the concentration of chlorinated hydrocarbons present in the stratosphere and decreased the breakdown of stratospheric ozone. Based on the graph, the annual production of CFCs decreased significantly in the late 1980s to almost 0 tons by 2000.

The Montreal Protocol reduced stratospheric ozone depletion by increasing the reliance on CFCs in industrial processes. Based on the graph, the increase in global CFC production from 1960 to 1970 demonstrates the success of the protocol by substituting ozone-depleting substances with CFCs.

The Montreal Protocol was passed in 1970 to increase the production of HCFCs, which led to decreased reliance on CFCs. Based on the graph, HCFC-22 production increased steadily from 1980 to 1990 and HCFC-141bincreased from 1990 to 2000.

The Montreal Protocol monitored the production and sale of CFCs and HCFCs in the late 1990s to decrease tropospheric ozone pollution and photochemical smog. Based on the graph, CFCs and HCFCs leveled off at 100,000 tons produced in 2000.

In 1978, the United States banned the use of CFCs in aerosols. Based on the data in the graph, which of the following best explains the effect of this ban as a solution to decrease global CFC production?

The ban on CFCs led to a decrease of CFC-11 and CFC-12 production by more than 15% between 1978 and 1980, which supports the ban as an effective solution to reduce global CFC production.

The ban on CFCs in aerosols led to an increase in CFC-113 production for use in refrigerants and air conditioners in the United States, which led to a 10% overall increase in global CFC production between 1970 and 1980.

The ban on CFCs also led to a decrease in HCFC production beginning in 1980, reducing the reliance on chlorinated chemicals used in industrial processes and greatly reducing stratospheric ozone depletion.

The ban on CFCs in aerosols in the United States was not effective on a global scale because it led to an increase in reports of skin cancer and cataracts in patients in the Southern Hemisphere from 1970 to 2000.

Which of the following correctly explains a positive climate feedback loop found in the Arctic?

Increased global temperatures lead to decreased sea ice coverage and decreased albedo, which further increases global temperatures.

Increased melting of permafrost increases Earth’s ability to absorb methane gas, which decreases greenhouse warming and decreases the melting of permafrost.

Increased evaporation and cloud formation decreases the amount of solar energy reaching the surface of Earth, which leads to cooler temperatures at the surface and decreased evaporation and cloud formation.

Increased precipitation increases the size of high albedo snowpack in polar regions, which leads to increased habitat for Arctic organisms such as polar bears.

Earth currently rotates on an axis at an angle of 23.5 degrees. If that axis changed to 20 degrees, so that the axis was closer to vertical, which of the following would be expected to occur?

Earth would experience a change in seasonal timing and length.

The number of days in a year would be reduced

Earth would experience increased volcanic activity.

The amount of energy Earth receives from the Sun would increase.

Which of the following accurately describes a benefit of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) ?

Concentrated animal feeding operations are efficient and relatively low-cost facilities that help keep consumer costs low.

Concentrated animal feeding operations produce a large amount of manure, which is then often held in large manure lagoons.

The animals raised in concentrated animal feeding operations are usually grass-fed and therefore less susceptible to disease.

When animals are kept in large concentrations in a small area, the water quality of local waterways is protected from excess runoff.

Which of the following best identifies and describes the process that is illustrated in the diagram above?

Primary succession, because the process in the diagram begins with bare rock.

Primary succession, because the result is a mature forest with a variety of shade-intolerant shrubs and grasses

Secondary succession, because intermediate plant species like grasses and weeds are present

Secondary succession, because the result is a mature forest with a variety of shade-tolerant trees

APES Exam Review

Authored by Sarah Brown

Science

9th - 12th Grade

NGSS covered

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

5 mins • 1 pt

This type of energy is considered a nonrenewable energy source.

Solar Energy

Wind Energy

Geothermal Energy

Nuclear Energy

Tags

NGSS.HS-ESS3-2

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

5 mins • 1 pt

This type of energy utilizes heat that is stored beneath Earth’s surface to heat water and produce steam.

Solar Energy

Geothermal Energy

Wind Energy

Nuclear Energy

Tags

NGSS.MS-ESS3-1

NGSS.MS-PS3-3

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

5 mins • 1 pt

This energy source is used to generate electricity with photovoltaic (PV) cells.

Solar Energy

Wind energy

Geothermal Energy

Nuclear Energy

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

5 mins • 1 pt

Which curve in the graph best represents a K-selected species?

Tags

NGSS.MS-LS4-4

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

5 mins • 1 pt

Dandelions grow quickly and produce many seeds, ensuring that at least some plants will survive and produce seeds themselves. Which curve best represents the survivorship of dandelions?

Tags

NGSS.MS-LS2-1

NGSS.MS-LS4-4

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

5 mins • 1 pt

Certain lizards display a survivorship curve where the chance of survival is independent of age. Which line on the graph best depicts the survivorship of these lizards?

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS4-5

NGSS.HS-LS4-4

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

5 mins • 1 pt

This is the location of the world’s largest hydroelectric dam, with a generating capacity of 22,500MW.

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APES Exam Review

This type of energy is considered a nonrenewable energy source.

This type of energy utilizes heat that is stored beneath Earth’s surface to heat water and produce steam.

This energy source is used to generate electricity with photovoltaic (PV) cells.

Which curve in the graph best represents a K-selected species?

Dandelions grow quickly and produce many seeds, ensuring that at least some plants will survive and produce seeds themselves. Which curve best represents the survivorship of dandelions?

Certain lizards display a survivorship curve where the chance of survival is independent of age. Which line on the graph best depicts the survivorship of these lizards?

This is the location of the world’s largest hydroelectric dam, with a generating capacity of 22,500MW.

At this site a 9.0 magnitude earthquake, which occurred at a nearby subduction zone, triggered one of the largest nuclear reactor disasters in history.

Geothermal energy is the main energy source at this location because it is located on a large divergent boundary.

This type of irrigation is often used by small-scale farming operations, and it requires extensive labor to set up individual irrigation lines

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