final

The sponsoring of scholarship by Turkic dynasties, such as the Timurids, best shows that, in the period circa 1200–1450, scholarly activities in the Muslim world continued despite the

• conquest of Baghdad by the European Crusaders

• expansion of the Song dynasty into Muslim Central Asia

• Byzantine reconquest of Palestine and Lebanon

• fragmentation of the Abbasid Caliphate

Muslim scholars’ incorporation of cultural and intellectual influences from pre-Islamic societies can best be used as evidence that

• most educated Muslims continued to speak European languages well into the fifteenth century

• European merchants had established trade outposts throughout Muslim Central Asia

• Muslim scientists rejected the contributions of scientists from other cultures as heretical

• Muslim states and empires were central to the processes of intellectual transfer in Eurasia

Muslim scientists in the period before 1450 c.e. generally participated in intellectual and scholarly exchanges with neighboring cultures by

• being the recipients of funding from foreign rulers

• serving strictly as copyists of earlier works that otherwise would have been lost

• expanding upon the legacy of earlier scientific works by conducting their own research

• learning from the superior scientific knowledge of medieval western European scientists

The act of the countess of Béarn in the image is most closely identified with which of the following political systems?

• Manorialism

• Serfdom

• Monasticism

• Feudalism

The image most directly illustrates which of the following features of the political development of medieval Europe?

• Its bureaucratization, as European rulers developed sophisticated systems of record keeping to strengthen their authority.

• Its decentralization, as European rulers frequently delegated authority to local subordinates.

• Its reliance on Roman traditions, as European rulers used ancient customs to demonstrate their legitimacy.

• Its ethnic and cultural diversity, as European rulers granted ethnic and religious groups the right to use their own laws and traditions.

In Europe, political relationships of the type depicted in the image emerged most directly on account of which of the following developments?

• Local elites’ need for military protection from more powerful lords

• Local elites’ desire to expand the commercial power of local towns

• Local elites’ need for military assistance to eliminate religious heresies

• Local elites’ desire to attract new settlers to their territories

Which of the following best describes a claim made in the first paragraph?

• Hindu rulers had constructed irrigation works to control the Kaveri River.

• Wild animals destroyed Madurai’s Hindu temple.

• The Kaveri River flooded and destroyed the city of Madurai.

• The city of Madurai’s Hindu temple was renowned for its beauty.

A historian would most likely cite which of the following claims made in the second paragraph to demonstrate that Hindu teachings influenced the development of South Asian societies?

• There is no agriculture left because Indra now supports the Muslims.

• The absence of dharma has caused nobleness and character to disappear.

• The Hindu citizens of Madurai are perturbed by hearing parrots speaking Persian.

• The Hindu citizens of Madurai protect the owls in their gardens because they are considered to be sacred birds.

Which of the following is a claim made by the petitioner in the third paragraph?

• The gods will directly accompany the king in his conquest of the Madurai Sultanate.

• The king has the support of the gods in his efforts to drive Muslims out of Madurai.

• A prophecy has shown that the king will conquer the Madurai Sultanate.

• The king should establish victory pillars after his conquest.

The Ottoman Empire’s recruitment of soldiers and bureaucrats through the system depicted in the image is most similar to which broader method that rulers used to strengthen their empires in the period 1450–1750 ?

• The collection of tribute

• Establishment of religious uniformity

• Abolition of feudal privileges

• The granting of autonomy to minority groups