02 Introduction to ICT and Web Evolution A

Which Evolution of Computer Technology is being defined by the given statement?

These ancient computers utilized vacuum tubes as circuitry and magnetic drums for recollection. As a result they were huge, actually taking up entire rooms and costing resources to run. These were ineffective materials which produce a huge amount of heat, sucked enormous electricity and subsequently engendered an abundance of heat which caused perpetual breakdowns.

• 1st Gen: 1951-57 Vacuum Tubes

• 2nd Gen: 1958-63 Transistors

• 3rd Gen: 1964-69 Integrated Circuits

• 4th Gen: 1970-1990 Microprocessors

• 5th Gen: 1991 - 2021 & beyond AI/ Age of connectivity

Answer explanation

1st Gen: 1951-57 Vacuum Tubes

DEVELOPED BY: Invented in 1904 by John Ambrose Fleming

ADVANTAGES: Vacuum tubes were a basic component for electronics throughout the first half of the twentieth century, which saw the diffusion of radio, television, radar, sound reinforcement, sound recording and reproduction, large telephone networks, analog and digital computers, and industrial process control.

SETBACKS:

- large use of power

- more heat = more downtime

- more downtime = more expensive maintenance

- huge size of computers

- difficult to program = limited performance

_______

These ancient computers utilized vacuum tubes as circuitry and magnetic drums for recollection. As a result they were huge, actually taking up entire rooms and costing resources to run. These were ineffective materials which produce a huge amount of heat, sucked enormous electricity and subsequently engendered an abundance of heat which caused perpetual breakdowns.

These first generation computers relied on ‘machine language’ (which is the most fundamental programming language that can be understood by computers). These computers were limited to solving one problem at a time. Input was predicated on punched cards and paper tape. Output emerged on print-outs. The two eminent machines of this era were the UNIVAC and ENIAC machines – the UNIVAC is the first ever commercial computer which was purchased in 1951 by a business named as the US Census Bureau.

Which Evolution of Computer Technology is being defined by the given statement?

They were a huge development over the vacuum tube, despite the fact still subjecting computers to destroying different levels of heat.

• 1st Gen: 1951-57 Vacuum Tubes

• 2nd Gen: 1958-63 Transistors

• 3rd Gen: 1964-69 Integrated Circuits

• 4th Gen: 1970-1990 Microprocessors

• 5th Gen: 1991 - 2021 & beyond AI/ Age of connectivity

Answer explanation

2nd Gen: 1958-63 Transistors

DEVELOPED BY: American physicists John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley in 1947

ADVANTAGES:

- less use of power

- less heat = less downtime

- less downtime = less expensive maintenance

- smaller sized but faster processing time

- more reliable

SETBACKS:

- The need for smaller and more reliable circuitry

______

The supersession of vacuum tubes by transistors, visualized the onset of the second generation of computing. Although first invented in 1947, transistors weren’t used considerably in computers until the cessation of the 1950s. They were a huge development over the vacuum tube, despite the fact still subjecting computers to destroying different levels of heat. However they were extremely superior to the vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, more expeditious, inexpensive and less burdensome on electricity use. They still count on punched card for input/printouts.

The language emerged from strange binary language to symbolic (‘assembly’) languages. This meant programmers could discover instructions in words. Meanwhile during the same time high caliber programming languages were being developed (early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN). Transistor-driven machines were the first computers to store instructions into their recollections, peregrinating from magnetic drum to magnetic core ‘technology’. The anticipatory versions of these machines were created for the atomic energy industry.

Which Evolution of Computer Technology is being defined by the given statement?

By this phase, transistors were now being miniaturised and put on silicon chips.

• 1st Gen: 1951-57 Vacuum Tubes

• 2nd Gen: 1958-63 Transistors

• 3rd Gen: 1964-69 Integrated Circuits

• 4th Gen: 1970-1990 Microprocessors

• 5th Gen: 1991 - 2021 & beyond AI/ Age of connectivity

Answer explanation

THIRD GENERATION

1964-1969 - Integrated Circuits

An integrated circuit (IC or microchip) or monolithic integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuits on one small plate ("chip") of semiconductor material such as silicon. It is composed of millions of transistors

ADVANTAGES:

- size is compact

- less cost to manufacture = less expensive

- very fast processing time

- more reliable

SETBACKS:

The need for a better circuitry

__________

By this phase, transistors were now being miniaturised and put on silicon chips. This led to a huge improvement in speed and effectiveness of these machines. These were the first computers where users interacted utilizing keyboards and monitors which interfaced with an operating system, a consequential leap up from the punch cards and printouts. This facilitated these machines to run various applications at once utilizing a central program which functioned to monitor memory.

As a result of these advances which again made machines more reasonable and more tiny, a brand new group of users emerged during the ‘60s.

Which Evolution of Computer Technology is being defined by the given statement?

A specialized single chip developed for computer memory and logic.

• 1st Gen: 1951-57 Vacuum Tubes

• 2nd Gen: 1958-63 Transistors

• 3rd Gen: 1964-69 Integrated Circuits

• 4th Gen: 1970-1990 Microprocessors

• 5th Gen: 1991 - 2021 & beyond AI/ Age of connectivity

Answer explanation

4th Gen: 1970-1990 Microprocessors

A specialized single chip developed for computer memory and logic.. A computer's central processing unit (CPU) is built on a single integrated circuit chip that greatly reduced the cost of processing power.

ADVANTAGES:

- single chip = reduced manufacturing cost

- fewer electrical connections = more reliable

- with smaller components = more smaller designs

- faster and more powerful

SETBACKS:

None

____________

A microprocessor is a computer processor where the data processing logic and control is included on a single integrated circuit, or a small number of integrated circuits. The microprocessor contains the arithmetic, logic, and control circuitry required to perform the functions of a computer's central processing unit. The integrated circuit is capable of interpreting and executing program instructions and performing arithmetic operations. The microprocessor is a multipurpose, clock-driven, register-based, digital integrated circuit that accepts binary data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides results (also in binary form) as output. Microprocessors contain both combinational logic and sequential digital logic, and operate on numbers and symbols represented in the binary number system.

Which Evolution of Computer Technology is being defined by the given statement?

All efforts are geared towards communication of

computers in the information superhighway.

• 1st Gen: 1951-57 Vacuum Tubes

• 2nd Gen: 1958-63 Transistors

• 3rd Gen: 1964-69 Integrated Circuits

• 4th Gen: 1970-1990 Microprocessors

• 5th Gen: 1991 - 2021 & beyond AI/ Age of connectivity

Answer explanation

5th Gen: 1991 - 2021 & beyond AI/ Age of connectivity

- “Connected Generation”

- All efforts are geared towards communication of

computers in the information superhighway.

The birth of ICT ( Information Communication Technology)

Computer devices with artificial potentiality are still in development, but some of these technologies are commencing to emerge and be used such as voice recognition. AI is an authenticity, made possible by adopting parallel processing and superconductors. Inclining to the future, computers will be thoroughly revolutionized again by quantum computation, molecular and nano technology. The essence of fifth generation will be utilizing these technologies to ultimately engender machines which can proceed and acknowledge natural language, and have efficiency to determine and organise themselves.

In the digital age, access to networks, clouds, and data centers is as essential as the provision of electricity was for the industrial era. When you take advantage of services from different providers and then connect these services to people and devises in various locations, the flow of data and content becomes increasingly complex. The only way to excel as your business becomes more and more digital, is to have control over the environment where digital transactions happens.

Which Communications Technology is being defined by the given statement?

communications take place using solid substances to transmit data.

• WIRED TRANSMISSION

• WIRELESS TRANSMISSION

• SATELLITE TRANSMISSION

Answer explanation

Wired communication is also known as wireline communication. Examples include telephone networks, cable television or internet access, and fiber-optic communication.

WIRED TRANSMISSION

communications take place using solid substances to transmit data - wired transmission media such as coaxial cable, twisted pair, and fiber-optics cables, among others

Which Communications Technology is being defined by the given statement?

takes place without the use solid substances to transmit data

• WIRED TRANSMISSION

• WIRELESS TRANSMISSION

• SATELLITE TRANSMISSION

Answer explanation

Wireless Communication is a method of transmitting information from one point to other, without using any connection like wires, cables or any physical medium.

Generally, in a communication system, information is transmitted from transmitter to receiver that are placed over a limited distance.

WIRELESS TRANSMISSION

communications takes place without the use solid substances to transmit data - wireless media send data through air or space using infrared, radio, or microwave signals

Which Communications Technology is being defined by the given statement?

communications take place using satellite to amplify radio or microwave signals

• WIRED TRANSMISSION

• WIRELESS TRANSMISSION

• SATELLITE TRANSMISSION

Answer explanation

the use of artificial satellites to provide communication links between various points on Earth. Satellite communications play a vital role in the global telecommunications system. Approximately 2,000 artificial satellites orbiting Earth relay analog and digital signals carrying voice, video, and data to and from one or many locations worldwide.

SATELLITE TRANSMISSION

communications take place using satellite to amplify radio or microwave signals and create a communication channel between a source and a receiver