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Causes of wage rigidity that provokes unemployment:

• minimum wage laws

• the existence of a contract system

• trade union activities

• diminishing union strength

• cancellation of unemployment benefits

The expansion of the country's production potential involves:

• investments exceed savings

• net investment exceeds depreciation

• introduction of new more efficient technologies

• gross investment consumed in the production process of the annual output completely replaces capital

• savings exceed investment

Economic shocks:

• a sharp increase in any of the components of total spending

• sharp changes in aggregate supply and demand

• excess of aggregate supply over aggregate demand

• sudden unexpected increase in the money supply

• rise in the general price level

Personal disposable income:

• after-tax income that can be disposed of by the owners of factors of production

• savings + consumption

• personal income - individual taxes

• the total amount of income received by the population

• income received by the owners of economic resources

GDP by income includes:

• indirect taxes

• profits of foreign firms located in the territory of this country

• wages of foreigners living in the country

• wages of citizens of the country living abroad

• net factor income from abroad

Government methods that stimulate economic growth:

• fiscal expansion

• decrease taxes, increase government spending

• monetary expansion

• tax increases, decrease government spending

• monetary restriction

Stimulating fiscal policy at a fixed exchange rate:

• increases output

• worsens net exports

• does not change the exchange rate

• increases the exchange rate

• improves net exports

Introduction of an import tariff:

• provides protection for domestic producers of similar products

• reduces the amount of consumer surplus

• leads to net losses of society

• reduces the budget revenues of the state

Labor flows in the labor market include:

• reaching working age

• injury resulting in disability

• reaching retirement age

• finding an employee on sick leave

• advanced training of workers

Mutually exclusive macroeconomic policy objectives:

• tax cuts and increased social benefits, especially in the short term

• Moderate inflation and falling unemployment, especially in the short term

• an increase in corporate income tax rates and an increase in industrial production

• GDP growth and moderate inflation