Chapter 14

the historical period beginning after the fall of the Western Roman Empire

 head of the Roman Catholic Church

people ordained as religious leaders called priests, monks, and friars

a large, secluded dwelling where monks live and work

a religious ceremony believed to provide grace for salvation

person who shaped a nation that would later be called France

(nickname - the hammer) - kept Europe free from Muslim invaders

 a reason for the decline of feudalism

Pepin’s son who reigned for 45 years who considered education important

 the Northmen who raided parts of Europe during the Middle Ages