What theory, which explains the movement of the planets, did Isaac Newton develop?

• gravity
• optics
• trajectory
• relativity

What was the chief goal of the Jesuits during the Counter-Reformation?

• reform the Catholic Church
• support Protestants
• to create an army of God
• root out heresy

Trade and industry grew, which caused

• feudalism to grow weaker.
• manors and manor life to become more important.
• weaken kings and queens.
• strengthen the power of the nobility.

One reason why Italy became the birthplace of the Renaissance was that

• feudalism was not as firmly established in Italy as in other countries.
• the lack of wealth in Italy.
• the strong presence of feudalism in the middle ages.
• its proximity to England.

What was one of the effects of Gutenberg’s invention of moveable type/the printing press?

• Literacy increases among ordinary people.
• Literacy is unaffected among ordinary people.
• More monks are put to work as scribes.
• The spread of Protestantism slows.

How did growing secularism influence European writers during the Renaissance?

• They wrote more books about non-religious subjects.
• They wrote more religious books than ever before.
• The Church supported more secular writers.
• Europe became more religiously focused.

What meeting of Church authorities did the Catholic Church arrange to try to stop the spread of Protestant ideas?

• The Council of Trent
• The Peace of Augsburg
• The Nicene Creed
• The Council of Worms

The astronomer Copernicus challenged traditional beliefs by suggesting that

• the Earth revolves around the sun.
• the sun revolves around the Earth.
• science is more important than religion.
• humans shouldn't be curious about the natural world.

Francis Bacon’s contribution to the development of the scientific method was

• using specific facts to make general rules.
• rediscovering the ideas of the ancient Greeks.
• measuring the size and shape of clouds.
• connecting science and religion.

Which of the following best describes a typical Renaissance painting?

• People and backgrounds are painted in a way that mimics real life.
• People painted in a way that reflects the primitive abilities of the artists.
• Linear perspective was used but shadows were not.
• Subjects in paintings were always important religious people.