What are dead loads?

• Permanent or stationary loads on a structure

• Loads that are caused by external forces on a structure.

• Loads that are applied temporarily on a structure.

• Loads that are constantly changing on a structure.

Give an example of a dead load.

• Weight of walls, floors, and roof

• Weight of furniture

• Weight of people

• Weight of vehicles

What are live loads?

• Loads that are applied to a structure during construction.

• Permanent or stationary loads that do not change in magnitude or position.

• Temporary or movable loads that can change in magnitude or position.

• Loads that are applied to a structure due to wind or seismic activity.

Give an example of a live load.

• Plants

• Animals

• People

• Furniture

What are wind loads?

• Forces exerted on a structure by the movement of water.

• Forces exerted on a structure by the movement of earth.

• Forces exerted on a structure by the movement of air.

• Forces exerted on a structure by the movement of fire.

What factors affect wind loads on buildings?

• Building materials, temperature, humidity

• Color of the building, number of windows

• Distance from the equator, time of day

• Height and shape of the building, wind speed and direction, surrounding terrain, presence of nearby structures or obstacles

What are seismic loads?

• Forces exerted on structures by earthquakes

• Forces exerted on structures by floods.

• Forces exerted on structures by wind.

• Forces exerted on structures by volcanic eruptions.

What causes seismic loads on buildings?

• Tectonic plate movement and earthquakes

• Strong winds

• Hurricanes and typhoons

• Volcanic eruptions

How do dead loads differ from live loads?

• Dead loads are heavier than live loads.

• Dead loads are permanent/stationary, while live loads are temporary/moving.

• Dead loads are caused by natural forces, while live loads are caused by human activities.

• Dead loads are only found in buildings, while live loads are found in all structures.

Why is it important to consider wind loads in building design?

• To improve energy efficiency and reduce heating and cooling costs.

• To enhance the aesthetic appeal of the building.

• To comply with local building codes and regulations.

• To ensure structural integrity and prevent damage or failure of the building.