Review for Unit #1 Quiz

The Tokugawa shogunate realized the importance of maintaining contact with distant provinces within Japan. The Tōkaidō was its most important highway.

"...Perhaps the most crucial use of the road was for governmental communication with the provinces. Official messengers traveled by foot, horseback (in wartime), and palanquin [a seat, usually for the wealthy, carried by other people]. The government used a system of relays for messengers, with reliefs at every seven li [3.9 km]. Government messengers had priority over any other type of traveler. They had first access to ferries at river crossings along the way, and could freely pass government road barriers at all times of the day or night. Private citizens were not allowed to travel at night; a series of barriers and checkpoints along the road kept them from doing so…."

What problem did the Tōkaidō address for the Tokugawa shogunate?

• Attack by invading armies

• Rebellions in the countryside

• Government corruption

• Maintaining power over a large area

Edict of 1635 Ordering the Closing of Japan

• Japanese ships are strictly forbidden to leave for foreign countries. 

• No Japanese is permitted to go abroad. If there is anyone who attempts to do so secretly, he must be executed. The ship so involved must be impounded and its owner arrested, and the matter must be reported to the higher authority. 

• If any Japanese returns from overseas after residing there, he must be put to death. . . . 

• Any informer revealing the whereabouts of the followers of padres (Christians) must be rewarded accordingly. If anyone reveals the whereabouts of a high ranking padre, he must be given one hundred pieces of silver. For those of lower ranks, depending on the deed, the reward must be set accordingly. . . .

These rules reflect the Japanese policy of __.

• isolationism

• totalitarianism

• appeasement

• interdependence

Edict of 1635 Ordering the Closing of Japan

• Japanese ships are strictly forbidden to leave for foreign countries. 

• No Japanese is permitted to go abroad. If there is anyone who attempts to do so secretly, he must be executed. The ship so involved must be impounded and its owner arrested, and the matter must be reported to the higher authority. 

• If any Japanese returns from overseas after residing there, he must be put to death. . . . 

• Any informer revealing the whereabouts of the followers of padres (Christians) must be rewarded accordingly. If anyone reveals the whereabouts of a high ranking padre, he must be given one hundred pieces of silver. For those of lower ranks, depending on the deed, the reward must be set accordingly. . . .

Which of the following events was a reason the Edict of 1635 Ordering the Closing of Japan was issued?

• War with China

• Trade with Europeans

• The Black Death

• Korean influence in Japan

"[When] the legislature shall . . . grasp [for] themselves, or put into the hands of any other, an absolute power over their lives, liberties, and estates of the people, . . . they forfeit the power the people had put into their hands for quite contrary ends, and it [passes] to the people, who have a right to resume their original liberty. . . . "

— John Locke, Two Treatises on Civil Government

Which idea is expressed in this passage?

• The people should give up their liberty to create 

  an orderly society.

  
  

• Liberty can only be guaranteed in a direct 

  democracy.

  
  

• People have the right to rebel if their natural 

  rights are denied.

  
  

• Governments should be obeyed regardless of 

  their actions.

  
  

The power of the [Ottoman] Empire was waning [fading] by 1683 when the second and last attempt was made to conquer Vienna. It failed. Without the conquest of Europe and the acquisition of significant new wealth, the Empire lost momentum and went into a slow decline. 

Several other factors contributed to the [Ottoman] Empire’s decline: 

• Competition from trade from the Americas 

• Competition from cheap products from India and the Far East 

• Development of other trade routes 

• Rising unemployment within the Empire 

• Ottoman Empire became less centralised, and central control weakened 

• Sultans being less severe in maintaining rigorous standards of integrity in the administration of the Empire 

• Sultans becoming less sensitive to public opinion

Which region was controlled by the Ottoman Empire in 1683?

• The Middle East

• Central America

• South Asia

• East Asia

"[When] the legislature shall . . . grasp [for] themselves, or put into the hands of any other, an absolute power over their lives, liberties, and estates of the people, . . . they forfeit the power the people had put into their hands for quite contrary ends, and it [passes] to the people, who have a right to resume their original liberty. . . . "

— John Locke, Two Treatises on Civil Government

The Age of Enlightenment represented a turning point from absolute monarchies to __.

• feudalism

• theocracy

• communism

• representative government

The power of the [Ottoman] Empire was waning [fading] by 1683 when the second and last attempt was made to conquer Vienna. It failed. Without the conquest of Europe and the acquisition of significant new wealth, the Empire lost momentum and went into a slow decline. 

Several other factors contributed to the [Ottoman] Empire’s decline: 

• Competition from trade from the Americas 

• Competition from cheap products from India and the Far East 

• Development of other trade routes 

• Rising unemployment within the Empire 

• Ottoman Empire became less centralised, and central control weakened 

• Sultans being less severe in maintaining rigorous standards of integrity in the administration of the Empire 

• Sultans becoming less sensitive to public opinion

Based on the passage, identify an issue faced by the Ottoman Empire in the 1600s.

• The empire became too large to govern.

• Rulers were responsive to the needs of people living in the empire.

• Global trade routes shifted.

• Trade increased in the empire.

"… Nor is there liberty if the power of judging is not separate from legislative power and from executive power. If it were joined to legislative power, the power over the life and liberty of the citizens would be arbitrary, for the judge would be the legislator. If it were joined to executive power, the judge could have the force of an oppressor.… "

                         —Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws

In this passage, Montesquieu references __.

• enlightened despotism

• a separation of powers

• a policy of mercantilism

• a social contract

"… Nor is there liberty if the power of judging is not separate from legislative power and from executive power. If it were joined to legislative power, the power over the life and liberty of the citizens would be arbitrary, for the judge would be the legislator. If it were joined to executive power, the judge could have the force of an oppressor.…" 

                         —Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws

Which group’s ideas are best supported by this excerpt?

• Missionaries

• Communists

• Absolute Monarchs

• Enlightened Philosophers

The ideas in this table most directly led to which of the following?

• calls for limiting the power of absolute monarchs

• increased stability for absolute rulers across Europe

• increased membership in the Catholic Church

• a communist revolution in Russia