Which of the following best describes the primacy effect?

• When people have better recall of things that occur at the beginning of a sequence

• When people have better recall of things that occur at the end of a sequence

• When people state that things that have happened to them recently occur more frequently than they actually do

• When people tend to rely too heavily on the first piece of information they get when making decisions

To help himself remember the name of his new colleague, Hope, Jose thinks about the meaning of her name—the feeling of hopefulness. Which of the following concepts best corresponds to Jose’s strategy?

• Long-term potentiation

• Semantic encoding

• Self-reference

• Imagery

Professor Belvedere wants to help her anatomy students memorize the names of different parts of the body. Which of the following techniques will best help her students?

• Teaching them a rhyme for each word

• Asking them questions about the meaning of each word

• Writing the words in different fonts and having the students think about the font that each word is printed in

• Writing the words in different colors and having the students think about the color that each word is printed in

When Gustavo goes through lists of inventory items and thinks about whether each one is a fruit or not, he remembers more of the items on those lists later than when he goes through lists of inventory items and does not think about what each item is. Which of the following concepts best explains Gustavo’s performance?

• Sensory memory, because he is activating information about his sensory experiences of fruit.

• The spacing effect, because he is going through the list multiple times.

• Elaborative encoding, because engaging in deeper processing improves memory.

• Single-trial learning, because he goes through the lists only one time.

Dr. Rudolph’s class has a big test coming up next week. Which of the following students is using a studying strategy that is most likely to lead to memory consolidation?

• Gabriel is anxious about the test, so he distracts himself by playing video games.

• Marcus does not study until the night before the test, when he studies for eight hours straight.

• Elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam.

• Sharon does not study for the test, but she pays close attention, asks lots of questions, and takes good notes during class.

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the role of context effects in memory?

• Jonah tutored his classmate on a difficult concept, and now he understands the concept better than he did before tutoring his classmate.

• Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she performed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions.

• Mateo studied for an anatomy exam while taking pain medication, which he did not take before the exam. He forgot many of the concepts that he learned when he was studying.

• Dina could not remember the name of her second-grade teacher, but after she thought about the names of her classmates, the teacher’s name suddenly came to her.

Which of the following scenarios involves using cued recall?

• Letitia uses a mnemonic device to help her remember the names of all the lobes of the brain.

• Steven studies a list of word pairs and is later given the first word of each pair and asked to recall the second word in the pair.

• Evelyn studies a list of words and is later asked to list all of the words that were on the list.

• To help her remember what she needs from the grocery store, Marjorie imagines walking through her kitchen and visualizing what is missing.