Some people believe that meat consumption contributes to famine and depletes the Earth’s natural resources. Indeed, it is often argued that cows and sheep require pasturage that could be better used to grow grain for starving millions in poor countries. Additionally, claims are made that raising livestock requires more water than raising plant foods. But both these arguments are illogical. As for the pasturage argument , this ignores the fact that a large portion of the Earth’s dry land is unsuited to cultivation. For instance, desert and mountainous areas are not suitable for cultivation, but are suitable for animal grazing. However, modern commercial farming methods prefer to raise animals in an enclosed space feeding them on grains and soybeans. Unfortunately the bulk of commercial livestock is not range-fed but stall-fed. Stall-fed animals do not ingest grasses and shrubs (like they should), but are fed an unnatural array of grains and soybeans – which could be eaten by humans. The argument here, then, is not that eating meat depletes the Earth’s resources, but that commercial farming methods do. Such methods subject livestock to deplorable living conditions where infections, antibiotics, and synthetic hormones are common. These all lead to an unhealthy animal and, by extension, to an unhealthy food product. Q) Contrary to what is often argued, the passage points out that ………………………. .

the famine in the world is not directly related to the consumption of meat

a very extensive part of the earth’s surface is ideally suitable for the cultivation of crops

synthetic hormones can be used to improve the quality of meat

grazing for sheep and cows needs to be upgraded so as to increase meat production

Some people believe that meat consumption contributes to famine and depletes the Earth’s natural resources. Indeed, it is often argued that cows and sheep require pasturage that could be better used to grow grain for starving millions in poor countries. Additionally, claims are made that raising livestock requires more water than raising plant foods. But both these arguments are illogical. As for the pasturage argument , this ignores the fact that a large portion of the Earth’s dry land is unsuited to cultivation. For instance, desert and mountainous areas are not suitable for cultivation, but are suitable for animal grazing. However, modern commercial farming methods prefer to raise animals in an enclosed space feeding them on grains and soybeans. Unfortunately the bulk of commercial livestock is not range-fed but stall-fed. Stall-fed animals do not ingest grasses and shrubs (like they should), but are fed an unnatural array of grains and soybeans – which could be eaten by humans. The argument here, then, is not that eating meat depletes the Earth’s resources, but that commercial farming methods do. Such methods subject livestock to deplorable living conditions where infections, antibiotics, and synthetic hormones are common. These all lead to an unhealthy animal and, by extension, to an unhealthy food product. Q) One argument that is clearly opposed in the passage ………………………. .

is that land used for pasturage should be utilized for the cultivation of crops

concerns the value of antibiotics in the raising of healthy livestock

concerns the introduction of soybeans as the basic feed for livestock

is related to the inadequate methods employed in the prevention of famine

Some people believe that meat consumption contributes to famine and depletes the Earth’s natural resources. Indeed, it is often argued that cows and sheep require pasturage that could be better used to grow grain for starving millions in poor countries. Additionally, claims are made that raising livestock requires more water than raising plant foods. But both these arguments are illogical. As for the pasturage argument , this ignores the fact that a large portion of the Earth’s dry land is unsuited to cultivation. For instance, desert and mountainous areas are not suitable for cultivation, but are suitable for animal grazing. However, modern commercial farming methods prefer to raise animals in an enclosed space feeding them on grains and soybeans. Unfortunately the bulk of commercial livestock is not range-fed but stall-fed. Stall-fed animals do not ingest grasses and shrubs (like they should), but are fed an unnatural array of grains and soybeans – which could be eaten by humans. The argument here, then, is not that eating meat depletes the Earth’s resources, but that commercial farming methods do. Such methods subject livestock to deplorable living conditions where infections, antibiotics, and synthetic hormones are common. These all lead to an unhealthy animal and, by extension, to an unhealthy food product. Q) The writer attacks present day commercial farming methods …………………………. .

and claims that they are responsible for depleting the natural resources of the world

but admits that there is a higher production rate than there was with earlier methods

because, among other things, it makes no effort to cultivate dry, mountainous regions

though it ensures that there is sufficient food for everyone

Some people believe that meat consumption contributes to famine and depletes the Earth’s natural resources. Indeed, it is often argued that cows and sheep require pasturage that could be better used to grow grain for starving millions in poor countries. Additionally, claims are made that raising livestock requires more water than raising plant foods. But both these arguments are illogical. As for the pasturage argument , this ignores the fact that a large portion of the Earth’s dry land is unsuited to cultivation. For instance, desert and mountainous areas are not suitable for cultivation, but are suitable for animal grazing. However, modern commercial farming methods prefer to raise animals in an enclosed space feeding them on grains and soybeans. Unfortunately the bulk of commercial livestock is not range-fed but stall-fed. Stall-fed animals do not ingest grasses and shrubs (like they should), but are fed an unnatural array of grains and soybeans – which could be eaten by humans. The argument here, then, is not that eating meat depletes the Earth’s resources, but that commercial farming methods do. Such methods subject livestock to deplorable living conditions where infections, antibiotics, and synthetic hormones are common. These all lead to an unhealthy animal and, by extension, to an unhealthy food product. Q) One important point made in this passage is that …………………………….. .

the way livestock is raised on modern farms involves various health hazards

meat production in the developed world needs to be increased to combat famine

desert and mountainous regions should be developed as arable land for cultivation

every measure must be taken to conserve the Earth’s natural resources

Some people believe that meat consumption contributes to famine and depletes the Earth’s natural resources. Indeed, it is often argued that cows and sheep require pasturage that could be better used to grow grain for starving millions in poor countries. Additionally, claims are made that raising livestock requires more water than raising plant foods. But both these arguments are illogical. As for the pasturage argument , this ignores the fact that a large portion of the Earth’s dry land is unsuited to cultivation. For instance, desert and mountainous areas are not suitable for cultivation, but are suitable for animal grazing. However, modern commercial farming methods prefer to raise animals in an enclosed space feeding them on grains and soybeans. Unfortunately the bulk of commercial livestock is not range-fed but stall-fed. Stall-fed animals do not ingest grasses and shrubs (like they should), but are fed an unnatural array of grains and soybeans – which could be eaten by humans. The argument here, then, is not that eating meat depletes the Earth’s resources, but that commercial farming methods do. Such methods subject livestock to deplorable living conditions where infections, antibiotics, and synthetic hormones are common. These all lead to an unhealthy animal and, by extension, to an unhealthy food product. Q) By the “pasturage argument” is meant the argument that …………………….. .

cultivated land ought to be turned into pasturage

dry mountainous areas could be watered and turned into good pasturage

only cattle that are allowed to graze freely produce good meat

livestock should be stall-fed on grains and not allowed to graze freely

quiz 11 Quiz

1.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Students should be allowed to study without worrying about grades. Fortunately, most educators are becoming aware of the fact that students have different interests and abilities. However, the regimentation resulting from grades still exists. Grades often stifle creativity. Competing for better grades causes many students to turn down opportunities to pursue music, dramatics and sports. Grades impose an arbitrary standard of success on everyone. I do not demand as some extremists do, that grades be abolished immediately. However, I do believe that less emphasis should be placed on grades. I hope that someday grades will become optional at Village High School. (Martin S.)

Let’s face the facts about grades. Grades perform three basic functions. First, grades motivate students to work at their highest level of competence. Second, they act as a reward for hardworking students and as a reprimand to students who do not work hard. Finally, grades are used as an effective standard by which to measure student achievement. Good grades help students to get jobs and to get into university. I’ve spoken with a number of students who have jobs, and most of them say that they were hired primarily on the basis of their grades. My grades helped me land a part-time job and will help me get into university next year. I think grades are extremely important at Village High School.
1. Martin thinks it is important for ……………… .

students to participate in music, dramatics, and sports

students to be reprimanded for not working hard

students to get good jobs

students to compete more for grades

2.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Students should be allowed to study without worrying about grades. Fortunately, most educators are becoming aware of the fact that students have different interests and abilities. However, the regimentation resulting from grades still exists. Grades often stifle creativity. Competing for better grades causes many students to turn down opportunities to pursue music, dramatics and sports. Grades impose an arbitrary standard of success on everyone. I do not demand as some extremists do, that grades be abolished immediately. However, I do believe that less emphasis should be placed on grades. I hope that someday grades will become optional at Village High School. (Martin S.)

Let’s face the facts about grades. Grades perform three basic functions. First, grades motivate students to work at their highest level of competence. Second, they act as a reward for hardworking students and as a reprimand to students who do not work hard. Finally, grades are used as an effective standard by which to measure student achievement. Good grades help students to get jobs and to get into university. I’ve spoken with a number of students who have jobs, and most of them say that they were hired primarily on the basis of their grades. My grades helped me land a part-time job and will help me get into university next year. I think grades are extremely important at Village High School.
2. Helen writes from the viewpoint of someone who ……………… .

believes in the benefits of good grades

doesn’t work too hard at his studies

is concerned about students’ creativity

wants business to hire more students

3.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Students should be allowed to study without worrying about grades. Fortunately, most educators are becoming aware of the fact that students have different interests and abilities. However, the regimentation resulting from grades still exists. Grades often stifle creativity. Competing for better grades causes many students to turn down opportunities to pursue music, dramatics and sports. Grades impose an arbitrary standard of success on everyone. I do not demand as some extremists do, that grades be abolished immediately. However, I do believe that less emphasis should be placed on grades. I hope that someday grades will become optional at Village High School. (Martin S.)

Let’s face the facts about grades. Grades perform three basic functions. First, grades motivate students to work at their highest level of competence. Second, they act as a reward for hardworking students and as a reprimand to students who do not work hard. Finally, grades are used as an effective standard by which to measure student achievement. Good grades help students to get jobs and to get into university. I’ve spoken with a number of students who have jobs, and most of them say that they were hired primarily on the basis of their grades. My grades helped me land a part-time job and will help me get into university next year. I think grades are extremely important at Village High School.
3. Which of the following states a fact about grades at Village High School?

They are not useful

They stifle creativity

They foster unnecessary competition

They are currently in use

4.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Students should be allowed to study without worrying about grades. Fortunately, most educators are becoming aware of the fact that students have different interests and abilities. However, the regimentation resulting from grades still exists. Grades often stifle creativity. Competing for better grades causes many students to turn down opportunities to pursue music, dramatics and sports. Grades impose an arbitrary standard of success on everyone. I do not demand as some extremists do, that grades be abolished immediately. However, I do believe that less emphasis should be placed on grades. I hope that someday grades will become optional at Village High School. (Martin S.)

Let’s face the facts about grades. Grades perform three basic functions. First, grades motivate students to work at their highest level of competence. Second, they act as a reward for hardworking students and as a reprimand to students who do not work hard. Finally, grades are used as an effective standard by which to measure student achievement. Good grades help students to get jobs and to get into university. I’ve spoken with a number of students who have jobs, and most of them say that they were hired primarily on the basis of their grades. My grades helped me land a part-time job and will help me get into university next year. I think grades are extremely important at Village High School.
4. Which of the following is NOT an opinion expressed by Martin S.?

Students should be able to learn without worrying about grades

Grades impose arbitrary standards of success

Grades should be abolished.

Competition may discourage students from pursuing subjects such as drama and art.

5.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

Students should be allowed to study without worrying about grades. Fortunately, most educators are becoming aware of the fact that students have different interests and abilities. However, the regimentation resulting from grades still exists. Grades often stifle creativity. Competing for better grades causes many students to turn down opportunities to pursue music, dramatics and sports. Grades impose an arbitrary standard of success on everyone. I do not demand as some extremists do, that grades be abolished immediately. However, I do believe that less emphasis should be placed on grades. I hope that someday grades will become optional at Village High School. (Martin S.)

Let’s face the facts about grades. Grades perform three basic functions. First, grades motivate students to work at their highest level of competence. Second, they act as a reward for hardworking students and as a reprimand to students who do not work hard. Finally, grades are used as an effective standard by which to measure student achievement. Good grades help students to get jobs and to get into university. I’ve spoken with a number of students who have jobs, and most of them say that they were hired primarily on the basis of their grades. My grades helped me land a part-time job and will help me get into university next year. I think grades are extremely important at Village High School.
5. Helen expresses that grades …………………….. .

motivate students to work harder

perform more than three functions

are not an efficient way of measurement

have nothing to do with part time employment

6.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

In modern times, it was perhaps the “gentleman scientists” of the nineteenth century who came closest to a genuinely objective form of scientific research. These privileged amateurs enjoyed a financial independence which most scientists today cannot have, and which enabled them to satisfy their scientific curiosity without the need to please patrons. With the growth of scientific research after World War II, science has become an expensive occupation. Many scientists today look back upon the 1960s as a golden age of modern-day science, when research was mainly funded by the taxpayer, and scientific enquiry was seen by governments to be part of the public good, and worth paying for. Today, the situation is very different. “Academic freedom” is now often little more than an illusion for most scientists working at universities or in publicly-funded research institutes. Moreover, science is now largely dominated by the interests of the industrial world, and hence, hardly deserves the name “science”.
Q) The writer of the passage regards the “gentleman scientists” of the nineteenth century as privileged because ………………… .

there were plenty of patrons willing to finance them

the choice of field was rapidly expanding

they were unrestricted by financial pressures

they were always well-rewarded for their efforts

7.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

In modern times, it was perhaps the “gentleman scientists” of the nineteenth century who came closest to a genuinely objective form of scientific research. These privileged amateurs enjoyed a financial independence which most scientists today cannot have, and which enabled them to satisfy their scientific curiosity without the need to please patrons. With the growth of scientific research after World War II, science has become an expensive occupation. Many scientists today look back upon the 1960s as a golden age of modern-day science, when research was mainly funded by the taxpayer, and scientific enquiry was seen by governments to be part of the public good, and worth paying for. Today, the situation is very different. “Academic freedom” is now often little more than an illusion for most scientists working at universities or in publicly-funded research institutes. Moreover, science is now largely dominated by the interests of the industrial world, and hence, hardly deserves the name “science”.
Q) The writer of the passage argues that contemporary scientific research …………………….. .

finds its best milieu within the universities

is far more concerned with theory than with any practical application

offers one of the most exciting and stimulating of careers

is, to a large extent, controlled by the interests of industry

8.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

In modern times, it was perhaps the “gentleman scientists” of the nineteenth century who came closest to a genuinely objective form of scientific research. These privileged amateurs enjoyed a financial independence which most scientists today cannot have, and which enabled them to satisfy their scientific curiosity without the need to please patrons. With the growth of scientific research after World War II, science has become an expensive occupation. Many scientists today look back upon the 1960s as a golden age of modern-day science, when research was mainly funded by the taxpayer, and scientific enquiry was seen by governments to be part of the public good, and worth paying for. Today, the situation is very different. “Academic freedom” is now often little more than an illusion for most scientists working at universities or in publicly-funded research institutes. Moreover, science is now largely dominated by the interests of the industrial world, and hence, hardly deserves the name “science”.
Q) The phrase “part of the public good” in effect means ……………………. .

ensuring a better future for society

recognized by the general public as being good

beneficial to society

setting good standards for society

9.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

In modern times, it was perhaps the “gentleman scientists” of the nineteenth century who came closest to a genuinely objective form of scientific research. These privileged amateurs enjoyed a financial independence which most scientists today cannot have, and which enabled them to satisfy their scientific curiosity without the need to please patrons. With the growth of scientific research after World War II, science has become an expensive occupation. Many scientists today look back upon the 1960s as a golden age of modern-day science, when research was mainly funded by the taxpayer, and scientific enquiry was seen by governments to be part of the public good, and worth paying for. Today, the situation is very different. “Academic freedom” is now often little more than an illusion for most scientists working at universities or in publicly-funded research institutes. Moreover, science is now largely dominated by the interests of the industrial world, and hence, hardly deserves the name “science”.
Q) The writer points out that in the 1960s ………………………… .

scientists believed that they were entering upon a golden age

academic freedom was already a thing of the past

scientists carried out their research activities at the public expense

research activities were largely carried out under the sponsorship of industry

10.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

30 sec • 1 pt

In modern times, it was perhaps the “gentleman scientists” of the nineteenth century who came closest to a genuinely objective form of scientific research. These privileged amateurs enjoyed a financial independence which most scientists today cannot have, and which enabled them to satisfy their scientific curiosity without the need to please patrons. With the growth of scientific research after World War II, science has become an expensive occupation. Many scientists today look back upon the 1960s as a golden age of modern-day science, when research was mainly funded by the taxpayer, and scientific enquiry was seen by governments to be part of the public good, and worth paying for. Today, the situation is very different. “Academic freedom” is now often little more than an illusion for most scientists working at universities or in publicly-funded research institutes. Moreover, science is now largely dominated by the interests of the industrial world, and hence, hardly deserves the name “science”.
Q) According to the passage, the major difference between the “gentleman scientists” and present-day ones …………………. .

has become a highly controversial issue in university circles

is that the former were free to research as they chose, while the latter are not

has frequently been ignored by governments and universities

is not nearly so obvious as some people believe it to be

quiz 11

15 questions

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