Patho Chapters 2 & 9

A client is diagnosed with impairment of cellular apoptosis. Which disease can this condition cause?

• Cancer at the location of the process

• Degenerative neurological diseases

• Necrosis of involved tissues

• Infarction of the affected area

Answer explanation

ANS: 1

Chapter: Chapter 2, Cellular Injury,

Page: 20

Certain cancers arise when cells lose the ability to program their own destruction, a process known as apoptosis, and go on to have an abnormally prolonged life span. These cells begin to divide uncontrollably and

invade other tissues.

During an endoscopic examination on a client, it is found that the client has acid reflux. Which

condition associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) warrants close monitoring and

aggressive treatment?

• Peptic ulcer disease

• Malabsorption syndrome

• Barrett’s esophagus

• Hiatal hernia

Answer explanation

ANS: 3

Chapter: Chapter 2, Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes

Page: 12

Barrett’s esophagus is a serious complication of GERD. In GERD, the lower esophageal squamous epithelial cells can undergo a

metaplastic change into columnar stomachlike cells. This condition develops

into Barrett’s esophagus, which requires close monitoring and aggressive

treatment because of the risk of esophageal cancer.

The nurse is providing care for a client who recently had a skin lesion surgically removed. Which

information in the histology report indicates the lesion is malignant?

• Examined cells are poorly differentiated.

• Cells present with orderly architecture.

• Edges of the specimen are unaffected.

• Specimen contains well-differentiated cells.

Answer explanation

ANS: 1

Chapter: Chapter 2, Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes

Page: 13

Neoplastic cells can appear very different from the healthy cells within their tissue of origin. Poorly differentiated cells are indicative of a malignancy

A genetically programmed cell death is a process that can destroy cells that are no longer needed.

Which term applies to this biological process?

• 
  Atrophy

• 
  Apoptosis

• 
  Hypertrophy

• 
  Neoplasia

Answer explanation

ANS: 2

Chapter: Chapter 2, Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes

Page: 11

In multicellular organisms, cells that are no longer needed or are a threat to the organism are destroyed by a programmed cell death called apoptosis.

Which condition describes the increase in size of a weightlifter’s muscles?

• 
  Hypertrophy

• 
  Metaplasia

• 
  Atrophy

• 
  Dysplasia

Answer explanation

ANS: 1

Chapter: Chapter 2, Cellular Injury, Adaptations, and Maladaptive Changes

Page: 17

Hypertrophy is the increase in size of an organ or tissue due to the enlargement of its component cells. Muscle growth is due to physiological hypertrophy, which is caused by angiogenesis.

Tags

NGSS.HS-LS1-4

While caring for an obese client who has undergone an abdominal surgery, the nurse notices the

client has bouts of vomiting. For which complication of healing is the client at risk?

• 
  Dehiscence

• Pressure ulcers

• 
  Adhesions

• 
  Keloids

Answer explanation

ANS: 1

Chapter: Chapter 9, Infection and Inflammation

Page: 170

Obese clients are at higher risk of experiencing dehiscence

because the fatty tissues do not readily heal. In addition, vomiting increases

intra-abdominal pressure, thus creating a higher risk of dehiscence.

Which component of the blood does the nurse associate with surrounding and consuming foreign

material?

• White blood cells

• Blood plasma

• Red blood cells

• Blood platelets

Answer explanation

ANS: 1

Chapter: Chapter 9, Infection and Inflammation

Page: 160

Phagocytosis is a process wherein the white blood cells surround and consume the foreign material.

Which component enables the blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable during the

vascular phase of inflammation?

• White blood corpuscles

• Blood platelets

• Inflammatory mediators

• C-reactive proteins

Answer explanation

ANS: 3

Chapter: Chapter 9, Infection and Inflammation

Page: 160

The inflammatory mediator histamine enables the blood vessel to dilate and become more permeable at the site of inflammation during vascular

phase III.