the impact or outcome the writer wants achieve

• context

• purpose

• message

• speaker

a tertiary or secondary audience, different from speaker's main or intended audience

• direct audience

• indirect audience

the audience that a message is specifically addressed to or intended for

• direct audience

• indirect audience

the receivers of the message who often have a variety of values and beliefs

• speaker

• purpose

• audience

• context

the writer or creator of the message

• purpose

• audience

• speaker

• exigence

the time, context or event that prompts the message

• exigence

• occasion

• speaker

• audience

the substance of the writer's or speaker's main points

• speaker

• audience

• context

• message

the topic of the author's writing

• speaker

• subject

• context

• message

when crafting a message, the speaker should consider the audience's

• beliefs

• social influence

• values

• technology

elements of a speaker's identity which can shape their writing

• beliefs

• relationship to audience

• values

• role