Dement & Kleitman Quiz 2: Method (Participants and Design)

In Dement & Kleitman, which of the following was NOT a method in the laboratory investigations for the three aims?

• 
  dream/content
  
  To test whether dream recall differs between REM and nREM sleep, participants were woken either from REM or nREM sleep, but they were not told which stage of sleep they had been in prior to waking. They confirmed whether they had been having a dream and, if so, described the content into a recorder.

• duration and word count
  
  To investigate whether there is a positive correlation between subjective estimates of dream duration and the length of the REM period, participants were woken following either 5 or 15 minutes in REM sleep. They were asked to choose whether they thought they had been dreaming for 5 or 15 minutes. Longer REM periods were also tested. They reported dream content; the number of words in the dream narrative was counted.

• dream theory: information processing
  
  To test whether dreams reflect thought patterns from the day, participants were asked to describe the key events from the day in a journal; they were awoken during nREM and REM sleep and asked to report their dreams (content). Correlations to thematic or specific content was tracked in a scatterplot.

• 
  eye movement/content
  
  To test whether eye-movement patterns are related to dream content (whether the patterns represent the visual experience of the dream content or whether they are simply random movements arising from the activation of the central nervous system during dream sleep. The direction of eye movements was detecting using electrodes around the eyes (EOG). Participants were woken after exhibiting a single eye-movement pattern for longer than one minute. They were asked to report their dreams.

Which of the following is true about the participants in Dement & Kleitman?

• The participants included 44 children between the ages of 4 and 6.

• The participants included seven male adults and two female adults.

• Four of the participants were used mainly to confirm the data obtained from the five others.

• The participants were all selected for the study based on histories including at least one of the following sleep disturbances: insomnia, apnea, or somnambulance.

Which of the studies in Dement & Kleitman were natural experiments in a laboratory setting?

• Study 1: The levels of the IV were REM sleep/nREM sleep, and the DVs were whether a dream was reported, and if so, the detail.

• Study 2: Each participant was tested in both conditions (i.e., using repeated measures). The data were used in both experimental and correlational designs.

• Study 3: The IV of eye-movement pattern type could not be manipulated by the researchers. The DV was the report of the dream content.

• Study 4: The participants were monitored for movement (tossing and turning) vs. lying still to determine when they were in REM sleep and therefore potentially dreaming.

Which of the Dement and Kleitman studies was a true experiment?

• Study 1: The levels of the IV were REM sleep/nREM sleep, and the DVs were whether a dream was reported, and if so, the detail.

• Study 2: Each participant was tested in both conditions (i.e., using repeated measures).
  
  The levels of the IV were waking after 5 or 15 minutes, and the DV was the participant's choice of 5 or 15 minutes.

• Study 3: The IV of eye-movement pattern type could not be manipulated by the researchers. The DV was the report of dream content.

• Study 4: Researchers observed sleep movements to determine sleep stage (REM/nREM) and negatively correlated dream recall (number of details) with time spent tossing and turning.

Which of the Dement & Kleitman studies involved correlational analysis, and what were the two variables?

• Study 1: time spent in each stage, i.e., REM sleep/nREM sleep

• Study 2: participant's time estimate and the number of words in the dream narrative

• Study 3: whether the participant was awoken after 5 or 15 minutes and how much they tossed and turned

• Study 4: eye movement frequency and dream emotional intensity rating on a self-scoring Likert scale

What type of brain scan was used in Dement & Kleitman to measure electrical charges of nerve activity?

• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

• fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

• CT (computerized tomography)

• EEG (electro-encephalograph)