Unit 1-23/24

Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols

• Sapir (1921)

• Trager (1949)

• Hall (1964)

• Chomsky (1957)

• Nordquist (2023)

A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which the members of a society interact in terms of their total culture

• Sapir (1921)

• Trager (1949)

• Hall (1964)

• Chomsky (1957)

• Nordquist (2023)

Language is a set of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements

• Sapir (1921)

• Trager (1949)

• Hall (1964)

• Chomsky (1957)

• Nordquist (2023)

Language is the sum of all human experience since the beginning of humankid

• Sapir (1921)

• Trager (1949)

• Hall (1964)

• Chomsky (1957)

• Nordquist (2023)

Language is the institution whereby humans communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrary symbols

• Sapir (1921)

• Trager (1949)

• Hall (1964)

• Chomsky (1957)

• Nordquist (2023)

Language is a systematic set of arbitrary symbols, primarily vocal, but may also be visual, which have conventionalized meanings to which they refer. It is acquired by all people in much the same way, operates in a speech community or culture, is essentially human (although not limited to human) and is used for communication.

• Brown (2006)

• Halliday (1973)

• Yule (1998)

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defined language as “an instrument of social interaction with a clear communicative purpose” and connected the concepts of language and communication when he defined the latter as “the exchange and negotiation of information between at least two individuals through the use of verbal and nonverbal symbols, oral and written, and production and comprehension processes”.

• Halliday (1973)

• Yule (1998)

• Hymes (1972)

• Chomsky (1957)

 "it is a form of social interaction, its purpose is to communicate, it involves a high degree of unpredictability and creativity, it requires a reduction of uncertainty on behalf of the participants and it entails both verbal and non-verbal language." refers to

• main features of the communication process

• communicative properties of human language

• characteristics of oral communication

• characteristics of written communication

 "it is a form of social interaction, its purpose is to communicate, it involves a high degree of unpredictability and creativity, it requires a reduction of uncertainty on behalf of the participants and it entails both verbal and non-verbal language." refers to

• main features of the communication process

• communicative properties of human language

• characteristics of oral communication

• characteristics of written communication

• pedagogical implications

"displacement, to talk about events remote in space or time from the situation of the speaker; productivity, the capacity to produce new sentences; cultural transmission, it is transmitted from one generation to the next; duality of patterning, the sounds of language have no intrinsic meaning but combined they do; arbitrariness, there is no dependence of the element of the signal on the nature of the reality to which it refers; and discreteness, speech uses a small set of sound elements which clearly contrast with each other. Some other communicative properties of language, not privative of human language are: auditory-vocal channel, evanescence or semanticity." refers to

• main features of the communication process

• communicative properties of human language

• characteristics of oral communication

• characteristics of written communication

• pedagogical implications