Differences in Achievement in Education

What is the measure of educational achievement generally used?

• Getting good exam results

• Participating in extracurricular activities

• Having a high attendance rate

• Being popular among peers

What are internal factors that can affect achievement?

• Labeling and self-fulfilling prophecy

• Access to resources

• Formation of subcultures

• Gendered subjects

What are material factors that can affect achievement?

• Income, occupation, and poverty

• Elaborate and restricted language codes

• Quality of housing

• Cultural capital

What are cultural factors that can affect achievement?

• Access to resources

• Diet and health

• Experiences and values passed on by parents

• Formation of subcultures

According to Basil Bernstein, what type of language is used in working-class homes?

• Elaborate language

• Restricted code

• Formal language

• Technical jargon

What is the term used to describe the knowledge, values, and experiences that can help in education?

• Cultural deprivation

• Material deprivation

• Cultural capital

• Social stratification

According to Young, how do parents' experiences and values affect their children's achievement?

• They have no effect

• They lower aspirations

• They increase aspirations

• They determine intelligence

What is the focus of the discussion on class differences in education?

• State schools

• Public schools

• Private schools

• Independent schools

Which sociologists are associated with the concept of cultural capital?

• Howard Becker and David Hargreaves

• Stephen Ball and Nel Keddie

• Basil Bernstein and Pierre Bourdieu

• Paul Willis and Basil Bernstein

What is the term used to describe the mold that grows on walls in damp housing?

• Mildew

• Fungus

• Dampness

• Mold