Prelim Review Questions

Function of Chloride include all the list, except

• increase blood glucose
• Body Hydration
• Electrical Neutrality
• Osmotic pressure

Answer explanation

Functions of Chloride:

•It is the major extracellular anion.

•Together with sodium, they represent the majority of the osmotically active constituent of the plasma.

•Maintaining electrical neutrality

•Regulate fluid content on the body and its influence in the kidney

Which ions play a major role in contraction and relaxation of muscles?

• Calcium and Magnesium

• Sodium and Potassium

• Sodium and Chloride

• Phosphate and Magnesium

Answer explanation

Among the given pairs of electrolytes, it is calcium and magnesium which has a significant effect in neuromuscular excitability and muscle tone

What is the electrode used for sodium determination using ISE method?

• Valinomycin

• Electric cellophane membrane

• Clark

• Glass membrane

Answer explanation

Valinomycin: Potassium

Cellophane: Calcium

Clark: Oxygen

Which among the following is/are cause/s of hypomagnesemia due to conditions involving the endocrine system?

• Use of diuretics

• Pyelonephritis

• Hyperaldosteronism

• All of the given choices

Answer explanation

All of the given choices are causes of hypomagnesemia however, only hyperaldosteronism is directly involving endocrine condition resulting to increased excretion of magnesium.

Pyelonephritis - renal

Diuretics - drug induced

Which among the following is the main cause of hypercalcemia?

• Primary hyperparathyroidism

• Hyperthyroidism

• Hypocalciuria

• Use of thiazides (diuretics)

Answer explanation

Hyperparathyroidism affects the release of the PTH which is one of the major regulatory compound for Calcium

Pseudohyponatremia

• Hyperlipidemia

• Hyperproteinemia

Answer explanation

Pseudohyponatremia occurs when a sample from a patient with hyperlipidemia or hyperprotenemia is subjected to indirect ISE.

Released by the cardiac muscles that increases sodium concentration in the blood

• ANF

• Vasopressin

• Aldosterone

• None of the given choices

Answer explanation

Among the given choices, only ANF (atrial natriuretic factor) is released by the cardiac muscles however, its effect is natriuresis/increased sodium excretion.

Organs involved in the maintenance of normal osmolality:

• Brain

• Heart

• Lungs

• Kidney

Answer explanation

All of the organs listed in the choices have significant effect in osmolality.

Mercurimetric Titration method for chloride determination

• Cotlove Chloridometer

• Fiske-Subbarrow Method

• Albanese-Lein Method

• None of the given choices

Answer explanation

Correct answer is Schales-Schales Method

Refers to the difference between the sums of the concentration of the principal cations and of the principal anions

• Anion Gap

• Osmolality

• Osmotic pressure