Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

Which statement accurately describes the concept of a social contract?

• A set of political regulations that prevents citizens from disobeying their country's government

• A legal system that enforces agreements made between people, businesses, and governments

• An agreement between people to follow laws and be governed by a leader or leaders

• A set of economic principles that limits a government's ability to control a country's trade and industry

According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau, individuals participating in a social contract agree to be ruled by ______.

• the strongest individual

• an absolute monarch

• a representative government

• the general will

According to Thomas Hobbes, what motivates individuals to enter into a social contract?

• They want to have a say in their society's laws and leadership by voting.

• They hope to create a limited government with a separation of powers.

• They want to escape the unpleasantness of living in a state of nature.

• They understand that an absolute monarch will protect their religion.

Which term describes a philosophy that supports representative government, human rights, and political equality?

• Liberalism

• Social contract

• Separation of powers

• Absolute monarchy

Which term describes the idea that the political power in a country comes from the will of the citizens rather than a king's wishes or God?

• Social contract

• Popular sovereignty

• Separation of powers

• Absolute monarchy

Ideas expressed during the Enlightenment led to which of these outcomes?

• Citizens in some countries launched revolutions that overthrew monarchies.

• The rivalry between French and English Enlightenment thinkers led to conflict between these kingdoms.

• Scientists began to question traditional beliefs about the natural world using reason and observation.

• The Catholic and Protestant faiths reformed as a single religion to criticize Enlightenment philosophers.

Which event was a major cause of the Enlightenment?

• European scientists challenged traditional teachings using new scientific observations and methods.

• Absolute monarchs throughout Europe began to support freedom of speech, religion, and the press.

• Napoleon Bonaparte became dictator of France and destroyed its democratic form of government.

• American colonists declared their independence from Great Britain and established a new republic.

How did Enlightenment thinkers' ideas reduce the power of European monarchs?

• By suggesting that kings were not given their political power by God

• By demanding that church leaders exert more influence over politics

• By arguing that social contracts between kings and subjects had no real power

• By dividing European Christians into Catholic and Protestant groups

Which statement best describes Thomas Hobbes's view of human nature?

• Humans are naturally faithful and must have governments that recognize religion.

• Humans are naturally selfish and are best controlled by an absolute leader.

• Humans are naturally good and have no need for strict laws or governments.

• Humans are naturally independent and desire to control their own governments.

Which statement best describes John Locke's view of human nature?

• Humans are naturally evil, but can be controlled by an absolute monarch.

• Humans are naturally good, but can be taught to behave cruelly and selfishly.

• Humans are neither good nor evil, but share a set of natural rights and needs.

• Humans are generally good, but powerful leaders tend to be naturally evil.