English 12 Unit 3 Test Review

For many Native Americans living on tribal reservations, a home address is not a standard number and street name, like 735 Bleeker Street. Instead, it’s a series of instructions. “They’ll say something like, I live off highway 86 by milepost 125 and a half,” said Gabriella Cázares-Kelly, a member of the Tohono O’odham Nation and a Democratic candidate for Pima County recorder in Arizona. These “nontraditional addresses” complicate things for indigenous voters during a time when the majority of states have moved to voting by mail to mitigate the spread of the coronavirus. A record number of Americans are expected to vote by mail in the November election. States like Nevada, Idaho, Montana and South Dakota, which all include large stretches of tribal land, held their primary elections almost entirely by mail. While these states will offer in-person voting options in November, the prioritization of mailed ballots creates hurdles for indigenous people — about 4.7 million of whom are of voting age — who already faced voting obstacles prior to the pandemic.

Most residents on reservations receive mail at P.O. Boxes instead of their homes. But the Tohono O’odham Nation reservation — which at 4,460 square miles is about the size of Connecticut — has a single post office. That’s not unique to this one reservation. A 2020 report by Native American Rights Fund determined that some members of the Navajo Nation must travel 140 miles roundtrip for postal services. Many do not have access to personal vehicles or public transportation to get them there, said Jean Schroedel, a political science professor at Claremont Graduate School who specializes in Native American voting rights. “This is a group that has real serious challenges in trying to do voting by mail,” Schroedel said.

Read this evidence: “States like Nevada, Idaho, Montana and South Dakota, which all include large stretches of tribal land, held their primary elections almost entirely by mail.”

The author provides this evidence to support which idea in the passage?

• Voting by mail became the main way to vote in many state elections because of the coronavirus.

• The nontraditional addresses of many Native Americans living on tribal reservations make voting by mail difficult.

• Even before the pandemic began, residents living on reservations found voting by mail difficult

• Rather than consisting of a standard number and street name, the addresses of many Native Americans are instructions.

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Use the excerpt from the “How the pandemic has complicated voting access for millions of Native Americans” article to answer the question.

"Amid the legal battles and uncertainty, with just four weeks remaining to vote, Native organizers and advocates expressed a mix of emotions about the weeks ahead. The situation is “dire,” De León said. “It’s incredibly frustrating because these populations are completely ignored.” Cázares-Kelly in Arizona expressed hope for high voter turnout despite the setbacks.

Amid the legal battles and uncertainty, with just four weeks remaining to vote, Native organizers and advocates

expressed a mix of emotions about the weeks ahead.

The situation is “dire,” De León said. “It’s incredibly frustrating because these populations are completely

ignored.”

Cázares-Kelly in Arizona expressed hope for high voter turnout despite the setbacks."

Why does the author leave uncertain whether the efforts of Native organizers impacted voter turnout?

• The article was published before the 2020 election took place.

• The article relies heavily on implied instead of explicit meaning.

• They wanted the reader to make an optimistic prediction about the 2020 election.

• They wanted the reader to draw a realistic conclusion.

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In which scenario is a reader using syntax to determine the meaning of an unknown word?

• The reader breaks the word into parts in order to analyze them.

• The reader looks for examples and illustrations in the text.

• The reader decides if synonyms are used in the sentence.

• The reader determines if a word is an adjective or an adverb.

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What do the words hydrant, hydroplane, hydrology, and hydrotropic have in common?

• a base word

• a root word

• a free morpheme

• a suffix

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Use the passage to answer the question.

"A Walk Through the Rainbow with PACE"

by Jessica Merzdorf

“Harmful algal blooms are not recent. We have writings from indigenous tribes in the Pacific Northwest that talk about things happening on the beach,” said Cetinić. “It’s just that today we’re looking for it more, and also anthropogenic influences are making blooms more prevalent.” While naturally occurring minerals can run into the ocean and feed algae, chemicals produced by humans—lawn fertilizer, wastewater treatment chemicals and agricultural chemicals, for example—are a much greater culprit.

What context clues help you verify the meaning of the word anthropogenic?

• “Harmful algal blooms are not recent.”

• “things happening on the beach”

• “naturally occurring minerals”

• “chemicals produced by humans”

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Use the definition to answer the question.

lasagna (lə-zän′yə) n. [Italian from Latin lasanum from Greek lasanon]

1. 1. a flat wide pasta

2. 2. a baked pasta dish

   From which language did the term lasagna originate?

• Latin

• Greek

• Italian

• English

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Use the passage from the “A years long push to ban hair discrimination is gaining momentum” article to answer the question.

To examine work-related bias, one 2019 study found that Black women were 1.5 times more likely than non-Black women to respond that they have been sent home from work in the past because of their hair. A 2020 study asked participants from different backgrounds to assume the role of a job recruiter and to evaluate Black and white female candidates. Researchers found that Black women with natural hairstyles received lower scores on professionalism and competence and were not recommended as frequently for interviews compared with Black women with straightened hair, and white women with curly or straight hair.

What is the denotation of the word natural as used in the passage?

• undyed

• styled judiciously

• unprocessed

• largely modified

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Use the passage to answer the question.

"Ban Hair Discrimination Gaining Momentum"

by Candice Norwood

Why do supporters think the CROWN Act is necessary? Oregon state Rep. Janelle Bynum, who introduced a CROWN Act bill in her state legislature this year, said one of the biggest challenges is how little lawmakers know about the issue of hair discrimination. “People don’t even realize that white dominant culture has been normalized and has been imposed upon people whose hair texture is different,” Bynum said. Anthony said that when she first introduced CROWN Act legislation in 2019, she was “laughed out” of some rooms and told to focus on “serious” legislation. That criticism came from both sides of the political aisle, she noted.

Among other challenges is that fact that many people don’t understand how prohibiting certain hairstyles could be tied to racial discrimination. After Nebraska Gov. Pete Ricketts vetoed a hair discrimination bill passed by his state legislature last year, he issued a statement saying, “The bill covers features based on mutable characteristics that are not attributable to one racial group. While hair type is an immutable characteristic, hairstyles can easily be changed. Additionally, the hairstyles named in the bill (locks, braids, and twists) are not exclusively worn by one race.” But proponents of the legislation say that while the hairstyles mentioned in the bill are not exclusively worn by Black people, these styles have long existing cultural ties to Black communities. Styles like braids or twists also help Black people maintain and protect their natural hair.

How does the author support the following central idea of the passage: Hairstyle rules are tied to racial discrimination?

• By using an anecdotal example of hair discrimination.

• By citing a study conducted by a university.

• By including a detailed history of racial discrimination.

• By presenting two opposing views on the issue.

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Use the excerpt from “A Yearslong Push to Ban Hair Discrimination Is Gaining Momentum” by Candice Norwood to answer the question.

"Ban Hair Discrimination Gaining Momentum"

by Candice Norwood

Oregon state Rep. Janelle Bynum, who introduced a CROWN Act bill in her state legislature this year, said one of the biggest challenges is how little lawmakers know about the issue of hair discrimination. “People don’t even realize that white dominant culture has been normalized and has been imposed upon people whose hair texture is different,” Bynum said. Anthony said that when she first introduced CROWN Act legislation in 2019, she was “laughed out” of some rooms and told to focus on “serious” legislation. That criticism came from both sides of the political aisle, she noted. Among other challenges is that fact that many people don’t understand how prohibiting certain hairstyles could be tied to racial discrimination. After Nebraska Gov. Pete Ricketts vetoed a hair discrimination bill passed by his state legislature last year, he issued a statement saying, “The bill covers features based on mutable characteristics that are not attributable to one racial group. While hair type is an immutable characteristic, hairstyles can easily be changed. Additionally, the hairstyles named in the bill (locks, braids, and twists) are not exclusively worn by one race.”

How does the quotation from expert Oregon state Rep. Janelle Bynum support the central idea: “The CROWN Act is necessary because prohibitions are tied to racial discrimination”?

• by indicating that many individuals can easily change their hairstyles

• by clarifying the connection between employment discrimination and hair discrimination

• by demonstrating how many politicians are becoming aware of hair discrimination

• by explaining that White beauty standards have been forced upon and used to marginalize Black people

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Use the passage to answer the question.

"Why 'Shade Balls' May Not Save Water"

by Amanda Grennell

In 2015, the world watched as a video of 96 million “shade balls” getting dumped into the Los Angeles Reservoir went viral. The purpose of the balls: to improve water quality and save water. But a new study raises an interesting question: Could saving water in the Los Angeles Reservoir come at the cost of consuming water in other parts of world? At the time, Californians faced a record-setting drought, and conserving water was on everyone’s minds. Mandatory water restrictions led to brown lawns and shorter showers. The Los Angeles Department of Water and Power said the shade balls could keep contaminants out of the water and reduce the evaporation of the reservoir by 85 to 90 percent during a drought. The officials said the annual savings could amount to up to 300 million gallons of water, enough to supply drinking water to 8,100 people. But a team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Imperial College London and University of Twente in the Netherlands reported Monday that it may take more water to make the shade balls than what they save. To offset this loss, the shade balls must sit on the Los Angeles Reservoir between 1 to 2.5 years.

How do the first five paragraphs lay the groundwork for the article?

• By establishing the credibility of the author.

• By establishing context for two sides of a debate.

• By explaining the underlying methodology used to ease droughts.

• By explaining resource management issues in a major city.

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