Uses the same statement as the both the premise and the conclusion, No new information or justification is introduced.

only two options in a given situation. Extreme opposites of each other, failing to acknowledge that other, more reasonable options exist.

attempt to shift focus from the debate at hand by introducing an irrelevant point.

the arguer claims a specific series of events will follow one starting point with no supporting evidence for this chain of events.

statement to mislead or confuse readers or listeners by using multiple meanings or interpretations.

argues against a hyperbolic, inaccurate version of the opposition rather than their actual argument.

appeal to ignorance is a claim that something must be true because it hasn't been proven false.

statement made after considering one or a few examples rather than relying on more extensive research to back up the claim.

using threat or force or an undesirable event to advance an argument.

attacking the person presenting the argument instead of the argument itself.