Psychology Chapter 9 Study Guide

Classical Conditioning

• helps humans and animals adapt to environment

• automatic response that is caused by training

• stimulus that is naturally rewarding

• gradual disappearance of a conditioned response

What is Neutral Stimulus

• A neutral stimulus is a stimulus that elicits a specific reaction in every individual.
• A stimulus that does not initially draw out any part of the unconditioned response.

• A neutral stimulus is a stimulus that only elicits a physical response.
• A neutral stimulus is a stimulus that elicits a strong emotional response.

What is Unconditioned Stimulus

• A event that draws out a certain predictable response typically without previous training.

• A stimulus that requires prior learning to trigger a response.
• A stimulus that is intentionally created to trigger a response.
• A stimulus that only triggers a response in certain individuals.

What is Unconditioned Response

• A response that is consciously controlled
• A organism's automatic reaction to a stimulus

• A response that is only triggered by a specific stimulus
• A response that is learned through conditioning

What is a Conditioned Stimulus

• A stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without any prior learning
• A stimulus that is unrelated to the conditioned response but still triggers it
• A stimulus that is naturally and automatically associated with an unconditioned response
• A stimulus that can eventually trigger a conditioned response

What is a Conditioned Response

• A response that occurs naturally without any prior conditioning.
• A response that is not influenced by any external stimuli.
• A automatic response that is caused by training

• A response that is only observed in animals, not humans.

What is Generalization

• Generalization is the process of forming specific concepts or principles based on general examples or instances.
• Generalization is the process of forming specific concepts or principles based on unrelated examples or instances.
• Generalization is the process of forming specific concepts or principles based on random examples or instances.
• Generalization is responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli.

What is Discrimination

• Equal treatment based on certain characteristics.
• Fair and unbiased treatment based on certain characteristics.
• Random and arbitrary treatment based on certain characteristics.
• Ability to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli.

What is Extinction

• The temporary disappearance of a species from a specific area.
• Gradual disappearance of a conditioned response

• The process of a learning a new conditioned reponse

• The decline in population of a species but not its complete disappearance.

Watson and Rayner used ____ on a human infant

• conditioning

• reinforcement

• primary reinforcer

• aversive control