Chapter 6-8 Exam

Suppose you are sampling the microbes used from anaerobic sediments in a swamp and you encounter an unfamiliar bacterium. You determine that this bacterium can use the energy from chemical compounds to convert inorganic carbon, such as CO2, into organic matter for growth. These bacteria would be classified as:

• photoheterotrophs

• chemoheterotrophs

• chemoautotrophs

• photoautotrophs

____________ are organisms that derive carbon from organic compounds.

• Heterotrophs

• Chemotrophs

• Phototrophs

• Autotrophs

Building a protein by adding amino acids to the polypeptide chain is an example of:

• hydrolysis

• catabolism

• plasmolysis

• metabolism

• anabolism

The assembly of glucose molecules into polysaccharides is ___________ process.

• a catabolic

• an anabolic

Batteries in your flashlight are examples of ________ energy.

• kineic

• potential

• chemical

Classify each item in the answer bank as an example of either kinetic or potential energy.

Groups:

(a) Kinetic energy

,

(b) Potential energy

• a person who is running

• the carbon-carbon covalent bonds in molecules such as carbohydrates and lipids

• the release of heat from fire

• the bonds between the phosphates in a molecule of ATP

• light emitted from a lamp

Carbon-carbon covalent bonds, such as the ones in carbohydrates and lipids, are ____ and have ________________________.

• weak; little potential energy

• strong; a lot of kinetic energy

• strong; little kinetic energy

• weak; a lot of potential energy

• strong; a lot of potential energy

A cougar chases its prey. Running is a form of:

• heat loss

• entropy

• potential energy

• chemical energy

• kinetic energy

You are talking with one of your friends. He states that evolution has actually violated the second law of thermodynamics because complex living organisms are more ordered than the nucleic acids, amino acids, and other molecules that compose them. Why doesn't evolution contradict the second law of thermodynamics?

• Even though evolution may decrease the entropy of living organisms, it increases the entropy of the Earth (or the universe), as the chemical reactions that are required to make organisms release heat.

• Evolution is a biological process, and biological processes do not have to conform to the laws of physics.

• Because evolution takes place over millions of years, the loss of entropy is negligible, and thus, the laws of thermodynamics are not violated.

• Evolution actually does violate the second law of thermodynamics, and this fact is problematic for scientists.

• Evolution doesn't affect entropy, as living organisms eventually die and become "disordered."

The degree of disorder, or number of microstates, is called:

• potential difference

• entropy

• energy

• work

• ecology