Background: Saavedra & Silverman

What is classical conditioning?

• Learning through association

• Learning through consequences

• Learning through observation

• Learning through repetition

What is evaluative learning?

• Association between a neutral stimulus and a negative emotion

• Association between a neutral stimulus and a positive emotion

• Association between a neutral stimulus and a fearful response

• Association between a neutral stimulus and an instinctive reaction

Behaviorism emphasizes that our behaviors are NOT primarily a result of:

• Genetic factors

• Environmental influences

• Learning experiences

• Reinforcement and punishment

Which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with classical conditioning?

• B.F. Skinner

• Sigmund Freud

• Ivan Pavlov

• Abraham Maslow

What is the term for the learning process in which a new stimulus becomes associated with another stimulus?

• Classical conditioning

• Operant conditioning

• Observational learning

• Habituation

In Pavlov's experiment with dogs, what was the initially neutral stimulus that became associated with the unconditioned stimulus?

• Food

• Bell

• Water

• Cage

In classical conditioning, what happens after repeated pairings of the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) and the neutral stimulus (NS)?

• The NS becomes the UCS

• The NS remains neutral

• The NS becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS)

• The UCS becomes the CR

How might disgust play a role in increasing avoidance behavior in phobic individuals?

• Disgust replaces fear as the primary emotion associated with phobic stimuli

• Disgust has no impact on avoidance behavior in phobic individuals

• Disgust interacts with fear, intensifying avoidance behavior

• Disgust decreases avoidance behavior in phobic individuals

Based on the study of adults with a blood phobia, what did Hepburn and Page suggest could help these patients make progress in treatment?

• Reducing their fear only

• Treating their fear and disgust simultaneously

• Ignoring their emotions and focusing on behavior

• Increasing their exposure to phobic stimuli

In the study with children who had a spider phobia, what happened to their feelings of disgust alongside their reduction in fear?

• Disgust increased as their fear decreased

• Disgust remained unchanged

• Disgust declined alongside their reduction in fear

• Disgust intensified, making fear more challenging to address