The Monitor Model / Input Hypothesis

According to Krashen, which is more influential in second language acquisition?

• Explicit grammar instruction

• Understanding messages or comprehensible input

• Memorizing vocabulary lists

• Weekly language tests

Answer explanation

Krashen emphasizes the importance of understanding messages or receiving comprehensible input as the primary way humans acquire language.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ideal input according to Krashen's Comprehensible Input Hypothesis?

• Interesting and relevant

• Comprehensibility

• Being grammatically sequenced

• Sufficient input

Answer explanation

Krashen suggests that the input should NOT be grammatically sequenced. The focus should be on comprehensibility, not on teaching grammar in a sequenced manner. 

According to the Affective Filter Hypothesis, the affective filter is high if...

• Motivation is high

• Self-confidence is high

• Anxiety is high

• All the previous ones

Answer explanation

According to Krashen, in order to acquire input, the affective filter has to be low.

High motivation and self-confidence would lower the affective filter allowing input to be acquired.

On the other hand, if anxiety is high, the affective filter will be high, blocking the effective acquisition of input.

According to the Monitor Hypothesis...

• The acquired system functions as a Monitor of the learned system

• The learned system functions as a Monitor of the acquired system

• The learned system initiates the utterance

• It is called self-repair if the utterance is corrected before being uttered

Answer explanation

According to the Monitor Hypothesis, the acquuired system is the one which initiates the utterance and, then, the learned system acts as a Monitor to change tha utterance (it works as an editor of the acquired system).

According to Krashen, in the Natural Order Hypothesis:

• Acquirerers acquire the language in the exact same way

• There are different orders for learning the second language

• The order of acquisition of the second language structures is completely different in each learner

• There is a variation in the acquisition of  the second language, some structures tend to happen early and others late

Answer explanation

Second language learners tend to learn grammatical structures in the same order, but there may be variations and some apprentices may acquire certain structures before and others after.

Some learners may even learn grammar structures in groups, that is, they do not learn one particular grammatical structure and then another, but learn both at the same time.

For example: some apprentices learn -ing (progressive) first and then plural, while another child can first acquire plural and then -ing.

What does the Natural Order Hypothesis conern?

• Children and adults

• Children

• Adults

• Children with special needs

Answer explanation