Which of the following pairs is NOT an example of homoplasy?

• Bat wing and bird wing
• Owl wing and hornet wing
• Bones in the bat wing and bones in the human forelimb
• Eyelessness in the Australian mole and eyelessness in the north American mole

What type of information should be written on the nodes labeled A and hash lines B in the cladogram in Figure 3?

• A- Taxa ; B- common ancestors
• A- Taxa ; B - derived characteristics
• A- derived characteristics; B - Taxa
• A- derived characteristics; B- common ancestors

Which position in Figure 4 can we find the common ancestor for both species A and D ?

• Position 1
• Position 2
• Position 3
• Position 4

Which of the following characteristics is associated with the growth in genome size over evolutionary time?

• paralogous genes
• orthologous genes

If you want to place species on the same phylogenetic tree that are not closely related and that do not share many anatomical similarities, which of the following genetic materials can you use to compare them?

• Plasmids
• Mitochondrial genomes
• Homologous genes that are highly conserved
• Homologous genes that are poorly conserved

According to this cladogram, oystercatchers are more closely related to flamingos than to penguins. Which of the following statements provides the BEST justification for this relationship?

• Oystercatchers share a common ancestor with flamingos but not with penguins.
• Oystercatchers share a more recent common ancestor with flamingos than with penguins.
• Both oystercatchers and flamingos are less closely related to the outgroup than penguins are.
• The branch of the cladogram with oystercatchers is closer to the branch with flamingos than to the branch with penguins.

In applying parsimony in constructing a phylogenetic tree we choose the tree that represents the fewest evolutionary changes, in either DNA sequences or morphology in relation to a tested model.

• True
• False

UPGMA is a character-based inference method.

• True
• False

Which of the following statements is the assumption in making a molecular clock?

• Mutations in DNA accumulate at roughly a constant rate.
• Prokaryotes are more easily classified than eukaryotes.
• Matings are random in this population.
• Molecules are stable for long times.

What is the typical unit that we use when describing estimates of evolutionary rate?

• mutations/site

• substitutions/site/year

• substitutions/site

• mutations/site/year