AP World History Unit 3

From 1400 to 1750, Eurasian rulers sponsored the arts primarily for which of the following reasons?

• To display power and legitimize their rule

• To spend excess money collected in taxes

• To encourage tourism and pilgrimages

• To increase employment opportunities for struggling artists

Which of the following describes a major cause of the expansion of the Ottoman Empire in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?

• The Ottoman Empire successfully pursued mercantilist economic policies.

• Ottoman citizens unified by their recent conversion to Islam were strongly motivated to conquer.

• Exploitation of artillery and small arms gave the Ottomans advantages over many of their political rivals.

• The decentralized federalism of the Ottoman Empire encouraged competition and technological innovation.

Based on your knowledge of world history, which of the following factors contributed most directly to the Mughal Empire’s territorial expansion in South Asia?

• The Mughals’ adoption and effective use of gunpowder weapons

• The Mughals’ adoption of Sikhism

• The Mughals’ friendly relations with neighboring states, such as the Safavid Empire and Tibet

• The Mughal emperors’ claims that they were directly descended from Genghis Khan

Which of the following contributed the most to the Ottoman Empire’s successful expansion in Europe and the Middle East in the period from 1450 to 1600 ?

• The Ottomans’ use of revenues from transoceanic trade to build a powerful army

• The Ottomans’ use of nomadic tribes as cavalry troops

• The Ottomans’ adoption of the latest gunpowder and artillery technology

• The Ottomans’ exploitation of Muslim desire to avenge the crusades

“The state of monarchy is the supremest thing upon earth; for kings are not only God’s lieutenants upon earth, and sit upon God’s throne, but even by God himself are called gods. In the Scriptures kings are called gods, and so their power after a certain relation compared to the divine power.”

King James I, speech to Parliament, England, 1610

The passage above is best understood in the context of which of the following?

• European monarchs’ continued use of religion to legitimize political authority

• The influence of Islamic political thought on Europe after the Crusades

• The establishment of theocracies throughout Eurasia

• The differential treatment of Protestants and Catholics in England

“To the count of Katzenellenbogen, Ziegenhain, and Nidda, my gracious lord.

Pope Leo X, in the bull in which he put me under the ban, condemned my statement that ‘to fight against the Turk is the same thing as resisting God, who visits our sin upon us with this rod.’ I still confess freely that this statement is mine. The popes and bishops called for war against the Turks in the name of Christ. Yet because Christ taught that Christians shall not resist evil with violence or take revenge, it is against His name.

In how many wars against the Turks have the bishops and clergy prevented Christians from enduring heavy losses? Indeed, the king of Hungary and his bishops were beaten by the Turks at Varna* and more recently a German army would perhaps have fought with more success, if it had not contained priests. If I were an emperor, a king, or a prince in a campaign against the Turks, I would encourage my bishops and priests to stay at home and mind the duties of their office, praying, fasting, saying mass, preaching, and caring for the poor, as not only Holy Scripture, but their own canon law teaches and requires. To this I say Amen, Amen.”

*a reference to a failed Christian Crusade launched against the Ottoman Turks in 1444

Martin Luther, German theologian, sermon addressed to a German prince, 1528

A historian interpreting the views expressed in the passage would likely explain that those views were most strongly influenced by Protestant desires to

• promote religious war against fellow Christians

• encourage the creation of a united German state free of papal influence

• demonstrate that an individual’s destiny was predetermined by God

• reform Christian society by adhering more closely to Biblical teachings

The photograph above of a sixteenth-century Mughal mosque in India built by Akbar is an example of which of the following?

• Emergence of capitalist economies

• Expansion of coercive labor systems

• Creation of a global trade network

• Cultural syncretism

Between 1450 and 1750, empires such as the Ottoman and Chinese shared which of the following?

• Dependence on trade as the main basis for the economy

• An elite fighting force made up primarily of slaves

• The use of a large bureaucracy to support the government

• Continual military campaigns against European armies

The image shows Ottoman officials forcibly enlisting boys from the empire’s Christian subjects in the Balkans to train them for service in the Ottoman army and bureaucracy.

The recruitment depicted in the image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments in the period 1450–1750 ?

• Attempts by imperial states to expand their economic power

• Attempts by imperial states to prevent religious conflict

• Attempts by imperial states to centralize their authority

• Attempts by imperial states to control population growth

“It is most evident that kings, queens, and other princes . . . are ordained of God, are to be obeyed and honored by their subjects; that such subjects as are disobedient or rebellious against their princes, disobey God.”

An Homily Against Disobedience and Willful Rebellion, Church of England, 1570

What could most reasonably be concluded from the sermon above?

• The clergy generally appointed kings, queens, and princes.

• Rulers often used religious ideas and institutions to justify their rule.

• Rulers were most often chosen from members of the clergy.

• The clergy believed in the separation of church and state.