Integrative Programming

is a software program or application that runs in a web browser. Unlike traditional desktop applications, It is not needed to be installed on a user's device; they are accessed and used through a web browser, making them platform-independent and accessible from any device with internet connectivity.

The client is the user's web browser, and the server hosts the application's logic, data, and functionality. When a user interacts with a web app, their browser sends requests to the server, which processes them and sends back responses.

is typically created using a combination of HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), CSS (Cascading Style Sheets), and JavaScript. These technologies allow developers to design and layout the elements that users interact with in the browser.

is responsible for handling requests, performing business logic, and interacting with databases or other data sources. include server-side scripting languages like Python, Ruby, Node.js, and Java, as well as web frameworks like Django, Ruby on Rails, Express.js, and more.

Many web applications store data in databases, which can be relational databases (e.g., MySQL, PostgreSQL), NoSQL databases (e.g., MongoDB, Cassandra), or other data storage systems. The backend interacts with the database to retrieve and store data.

is responsible for receiving and processing client requests, executing the necessary code, and sending responses back to the client. can be physical machines or cloud-based services.

is what users see and interact with in their web browsers. It includes the layout, design, and user interface components. Often involves the use of JavaScript frameworks and libraries like React, Angular, or Vue.js to create dynamic and responsive user interfaces.

Web apps use HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) or its secure version, HTTPS, to facilitate communication between the client and server. This protocol allows users to send requests (e.g., when submitting a form) and receive responses (e.g., when loading a webpage) from the server.

is crucial to protect against common threats such as cross-site scripting (XSS), cross-site request forgery (CSRF), and SQL injection. Security measures like input validation, authentication, and authorization are implemented to safeguard user data and the application itself.

The URL is converted into an IP address through a Domain Name System (DNS) lookup. This IP address identifies the server where the web application is hosted.