Mods 16-19 Quiz APP S1 2023

Match the following

• Sensation

• the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

• top-down processing

• information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.

• perception

• analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information.

• bottom-up processing

• the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.

Match the following

• choice blindness

• failing to notice changes in the environment.

• change deafness

• failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.
• selective attention

• failure to recall a choice immediately after we have made that choice

• change blindness

• The inability to detect changes between two voices

• inattentional blindness

• the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.

Match the following

• psychophysics

• 
  a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes that there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.

• difference threshold

• conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brain can interpret.

• absolute threshold

• the study of relationships between the physical relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.

• transduction

• 
  the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference (or jnd).

• signal detection theory

• the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.

Match the following

• Weber's Law

• diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.

• sensory adaptation

• emotions are formed based on the appraisal of the environment

• priming

• the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response.

• emotion adaptation

• the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount).

perceptual set is a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that affects, ______ ________, what we hear, taste, feel and see.

• top-down

• bottom-up

Match the following

• lens

• The clear tissue that covers the front of the eye

• Pupil

• 
  the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

• cornea

• the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

• Iris

• the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

• retina

• a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

Match the following

• amplitude

• the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude

• frequency

• determines a wave's intensity, or height. A small one = dull colors. A great one = bright colors.

• Wavelength

• The distance between two corresponding parts of a wave

• hue

• determines wavelength...a high one = a short wavelength. A low one = a long wavelength

• Intensity

• the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth

Match the following

• fovea

• the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

• optic nerve

• the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster

• blind spot

• the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there

• cones

• retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. The cones detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.

• rods

• retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond

Match the following

• visual cliff

• a depth cue, such as interposition or linear perspctive, available to either eye alone

• monocular cue

• a depth cue that depends on the use of two eyes

• binocular clue

• By comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance - the greater the difference between the two images, the closer the image

• retinal disparity

• a device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

• depth perception

• the ability to see objects in three dimensions; allows us to judge distance

Alison opened her new jigsaw but soon realized that the puzzle pieces inside had nothing to do with the picture on the box.  She completed the puzzle without knowing what the finished picture would look like.  Which of the following did Allison use?

• bottom-up processing
• top-down processing