Unit 4

During the 16th century, the discoveries that most challenged traditional assumptions were made in:

• philosophy

• astronomy

• theology

• Medicine

He published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres and rejected the notion of an earth-centered universe:

• Copernicus

• Ptolemy

• Galileo

• Kepler

Prior to the Scientific Revolution, European knowledge of the place of the earth in the heavens was based on the work of:

• Aquinas and Bacon

• Aristotle and Socrates

• Ptolemy and Aristotle

• Aquinas and Socrates

What developments in the 16th and 17th centuries led Galileo to raise the concerns he expresses in the passage?

• Protestant scholars put forward arguments that the Bible should not be taken literally.

• Folk traditions of knowledge and the universe largely disappeared.

• New ideas and methods in science and astronomy began to emerge.

• The Protestant and Catholic Reformations fundamentally changed theology, religious institutions, and culture.

Besides Galileo’s discoveries in astronomy, what new scientific ideas and observations arose during the period 1450-1648?

• anatomical and medical discoveries presenting the body as a divinely-controlled system

• the emergence of Romanticism as a challenge to Enlightenment rationality

• positivism, or the idea that science alone provides knowledge

• the emergence of alchemy and astrology as challenges to classical views of the universe

What best describes the Catholic Church’s reaction to Galileo’s defense of Copernican ideas?

• The church condemned Galileo as a heretic and had him burnt at the stake

• The church brought Galileo before the Inquisition and forced him to recant his beliefs

• The church first condemned Galileo’s beliefs but then accepted them just before his death

• The church condemned Galileo and banned all scientific scholarship