muscle

Match the following

• a coarse fibrous membrane that encloses

• Endomysium

• sheath of connective tissue that enclose

• blend together to form the cordlike tendons, or into sheet like aponeuroses which attach

  muscle indirectly to bone and cartilage.

• Epimysia

• tough connective tissue which binds together many fascicles.

• Fascicle

• Perimysium

• Epimysium

• bundle of fibers held together by the perimysium

The motor neuron must release the neurotransmitter ​ (a)   from its synaptic vesicles

into the synaptic ​ (b)   in order to initiate a muscle contraction.

 Protein receptors in the motor end plate detect the neurotransmitters, and a muscle impulse

spreads over the surface of the sarcolemma and into the ​ (c)   , where it reaches the

​ (d)   reticulum.

 Upon receipt of the muscle impulse, the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases it stored ​ (e)   to

the sarcoplasm of the muscle fiber.

• acetylcholine
• cleft
• T tubules
• sarcoplasmic
• calcium
• endoplasmic
• Z lines
• sodium

The early phase of ​ (a)   respiration yields few molecules of ATP, so muscle has a high requirement for ​ (b)   , which enables the complete breakdown of ​ (c)   in the

mitochondria. ​ (d)   in red blood cells carries oxygen to muscle. The pigment ​ (e)   stores oxygen in muscle tissue.

• cellular
• oxygen
• glucose
• myoglobin
• Hemoglobin
• muscular
• calcium

During rest or moderate activity, there is enough oxygen to support ​ (a)   respiration. Oxygen deficiency may develop during strenuous exercise, and lactic acid accumulates as an end product of ​ (b)   respiration. ​ (c)   acid diffuses our of muscle cells and is carried in the bloodstream to the liver. Oxygen debt refers to the amount of oxygen that ​ (d)   cells require to convert the accumulated lactic acid into glucose, plus the amount that muscle cells need to resynthesize. ATP and ​ (e)   phosphate to their original concentrations. Repaying oxygen debt may take several hours.

• aerobic
• anaerobic
• Lactic
• liver
• creatine
• kidney
• sodium
• laptic

At any given time, some muscles are being stimulated while others are not. This causes a tightened, or firmed, muscle.

same measurement- the tension in the muscle keeps increasing but

no movement occurs.

same tone or tension- myofilaments are successful in their sliding

movements, the muscle shortens, and movement occurs.

When a muscle loses its ability to ​ (a)   during strenuous exercise, it is referred to as

fatigue. Muscle fatigue usually arises from the accumulation of ​ (b)   acid in the muscle. A lowered pH as a result of accumulated lactic acid prevents the muscle from contracting. A muscle ​ (c)   occurs due to a lack of ATP required to return ​ (d)   ions back to the ​ (e)   reticulum so muscle fibers can relax.

• contract
• lactic
• cramp
• calcium
• sarcoplasmic
• endoplasmic
• sodium
• shorten

Energy for contraction comes from molecules of ​ (a)   . ​ (b)   phosphate, which stores excess energy released by the mitochondria, is present to regenerate ATP from ​ (c)   and phosphate.

Whenever the supply of ATP is sufficient, creatine ​ (d)   promotes the synthesis of creatine phosphate. As ATP ​ (e)   , the energy from creatine phosphate can be transferred to ADP molecules, converting them back to ATP.

• ATP
• Creatine
• ADP
• phosphokinase
• decomposes
• composes

The high concentration of ​ (a)   in the sarcoplasm interacts with the troponin and tropomyosin molecules, which move aside, exposing the myosin binding sites on the actin filaments. Myosin cross-bridges now bind and ​ (b)   on the actin filaments, causing the sarcomeres to shorten. After the nervous impulse has been received, ​ (c)   rapidly decomposes the acetylcholine. Then, calcium is returned to the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and the linkages between myosin and actin are ​ (d)   .

• calcium
• pull
• acetylcholinesterase
• broken
• sodium
• acetylcholine
• push
• strengthen