Understanding Bias

Maya, Salma, and Mica are discussing the recent presidential election. Maya tends to only remember details that support her existing political beliefs, while ignoring those that challenge them. What is this behavior an example of?

• The tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that challenges one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses.

• The tendency to ignore information that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses.

• The tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that is neutral to one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses.

• The tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs or hypotheses.

Salma, Lani, and Jade are discussing their favorite movies. Salma and Lani only watch movies that align with their personal tastes and ignore or dismiss movies from genres they don't like. Jade, on the other hand, seeks out movies that confirm her pre-existing preferences and disregards any contradictory suggestions. Which of these are examples of confirmation bias?

• Salma and Lani only watching movies that align with their personal tastes and ignoring or dismissing movies from genres they don't like.

• Jade only seeking out movies that confirm her pre-existing preferences and disregarding any contradictory suggestions.

• Malachi always assuming that his first impression of a movie is accurate and not considering any evidence to the contrary.

• Steve only watching movies that align with his personal tastes and ignoring or dismissing movies from genres he doesn't like.

Steve, Naomi, and Malachi are having a debate about different cuisines. Steve thinks that his local cuisine is the best, Naomi insists on imposing her dietary habits on others, and Malachi tends to disregard the food habits of other cultures. However, what is the term for the tendency to interpret and judge other cuisines based on the standards and tastes of one's own cuisine?

• The belief that one's own cuisine is superior to others

• The practice of imposing one's own dietary habits on others

• The tendency to ignore or dismiss the food habits of other cultures

• The tendency to interpret and judge other cuisines based on the standards and tastes of one's own cuisine.

Malachi, Salma, and Lani are researching different cuisines for their culinary arts project. How does their cultural bias affect their understanding and perception of the cuisines they are studying?

• Their cultural bias only affects their understanding if they are from certain cultures

• Their cultural bias has no impact on their understanding and perception of the cuisines

• Their cultural bias enhances their understanding of the cuisines

• Their cultural bias can distort their understanding of the cuisines and limit their ability to empathize with people from those cultures.

Jade, Mica, and Malachi are at a bustling shopping mall when they spot a stranger who seems to be having a panic attack. Based on the bystander effect, what is likely to happen?

• They are more likely to offer help to the stranger because they are in a hurry.

• They are less likely to offer help to the stranger because there are other people present.

• They are only likely to offer help to the stranger if they personally know them.

• They are more likely to offer help to the stranger because there are other people present.

Salma, Lani, and Mason are at a busy shopping mall when they notice a child lost and crying. Explain the concept of diffusion of responsibility in relation to the bystander effect in this scenario.

• The bystander effect is caused by the presence of too many people at the shopping mall.

• Diffusion of responsibility refers to the tendency for individuals like Salma, Lani, and Mason to feel less personal responsibility to help the lost child when other people are present. In the context of the bystander effect, this means that the more people there are around to witness the situation at the shopping mall, the less likely any one individual is to take action because they assume someone else will do it.

• Diffusion of responsibility refers to the tendency for individuals like Salma, Lani, and Mason to help the lost child when other people are present.

• Diffusion of responsibility only occurs when there is a clear leader present at the shopping mall.

Layla, Naomi, and Jade are discussing a recent study they read about. The study found that people's decisions can be influenced by how information is presented to them, a phenomenon known as the framing effect. Mason, who is a psychology student, is asked to explain this concept to them. How would Mason explain this concept to them?

• Mason might say, 'The framing effect is a marketing strategy used to manipulate people's perception of a product or idea. For example, a company might present a product as being '95% fat-free' instead of '5% fat' to make it seem healthier.'

• Mason might say, 'The framing effect is a psychological phenomenon that occurs when people make decisions based on the way information is presented, rather than on the information itself. For instance, a doctor might tell a patient that a surgery has a 90% success rate instead of a 10% failure rate to encourage them to go through with it.'

• Mason might say, 'The framing effect is a term used to describe the way in which a picture or photograph is displayed or presented. For example, a museum might frame a painting in a certain way to highlight its features and attract more visitors.'

• Mason might say, 'The framing effect is a cognitive bias where people react differently to a particular choice depending on how it is presented or framed. For example, a restaurant might list a dish as 'low in sodium' instead of 'high in other nutrients' to make it seem more appealing.'

Maya and Naomi are planning to buy a new car. They come across an advertisement. Which of the following examples of the advertisement best illustrates the framing effect?

• The advertisement promotes 'Saves 50% extra on gas' instead of 'Uses 50% less fuel'

• The advertisement emphasizes 'Saves 50% more on gas' instead of 'Uses 50% less gas'

• The advertisement highlights 'Saves 50% on gas' instead of 'Uses 50% less fuel'

• The advertisement emphasizes 'Saves 50% more on gas' instead of 'Uses 50% less fuel'

Salma, Layla, and Steve are deciding on which restaurant to eat at. They notice that a particular restaurant is being visited by many people. They decide to eat at the same restaurant. What psychological phenomenon does this scenario illustrate?

• This scenario illustrates the bandwagon effect, a psychological phenomenon where people tend to adopt certain beliefs or behaviors because many others are doing the same.

• This scenario illustrates the bandwagon effect, a type of musical instrument.

• This scenario illustrates the bandwagon effect, a method of transportation used by bands.

• This scenario illustrates the bandwagon effect, a term used in sports to describe a team's winning streak.

Naomi, Salma, and Steve are deciding on which car to buy. They notice that a particular brand is very popular and many of their friends are driving it. How does this bandwagon effect influence their decision?

• The bandwagon effect encourages Naomi, Salma, and Steve to make independent choices.

• The bandwagon effect has no impact on Naomi, Salma, and Steve's decision.

• The bandwagon effect only affects a small portion of consumers like Naomi, Salma, and Steve.

• The bandwagon effect creates a desire in Naomi, Salma, and Steve to conform to the popular trend of buying that particular car.