chapter 4

This is a stage in succession

• ecology

• sere

• colonize

It bears cones

• softwood

• hardwood

• vegetation

This is an area's features such as mountains, rivers, and valleys

• vegetation

• topography

• ecology

It's leaves drop in the fall

• hardwood

• softwood

• sere

This is the series of predictable changes over time

• ecological succession

• primary succession

• hardwood

This is the base that plants and animals live on

• substrate

• hardwood

• vegetation

This is the assortment of first plants to grow

• pioneer species

• ecology

• sere

This is the series of events after a disturbance and where soil is still present

• colonize

• primary succession

• secondary succession

Barren land begins this series of events

• primary succession

• secondary succession

• botanist

This is what plants do when they grow in an area

• colonize

• substrate

• ecology