Muscle and Movement

Explain how muscles, tendons, the skeleton, and ligaments interact to enable movement.

• Muscles contract and relax to move the bones of the skeleton, tendons connect muscles to bones, and ligaments connect bones to each other, allowing for coordinated movement.

• Tendons contract and relax to move the bones, ligaments connect muscles to bones, and the skeleton provides flexibility for movement.

• Muscles expand and contract to move the bones, tendons connect muscles to ligaments, and the skeleton provides support for the movement.

• Muscles and tendons work together to move the ligaments, while the skeleton provides stability for the movement.

What are antagonistic muscle pairs and how do they work together to enable movement?

• Antagonistic muscle pairs are muscles that have no effect on movement

• Antagonistic muscle pairs are muscles that work independently of each other

• Antagonistic muscle pairs are muscles that work in opposition to each other to produce movement. For example, the biceps and triceps in the arm work together to bend and straighten the elbow.

• Antagonistic muscle pairs are muscles that work in the same direction to produce movement

Differentiate between extensors and flexors in the context of muscle movement.

• Flexors are muscles that decrease the angle at a joint, while extensors are muscles that increase the angle at a joint.

• Flexors are muscles that increase the angle at a joint, while extensors are muscles that decrease the angle at a joint.

• Flexors and extensors both increase the angle at a joint.

• Flexors and extensors both decrease the angle at a joint.

Describe the structure of a mammalian skeletal muscle fibre.

• The structure of a mammalian skeletal muscle fibre is spherical with a single nucleus.

• Mammalian skeletal muscle fibres are made up of bone cells.

• Each muscle fibre contains myofibrils, which are made up of repeating units called mitochondria.

• The structure of a mammalian skeletal muscle fibre consists of muscle cells (fibres) that are long and cylindrical, with multiple nuclei located at the periphery. Each muscle fibre contains myofibrils, which are made up of repeating units called sarcomeres. These sarcomeres contain thick and thin filaments that are responsible for muscle contraction.

Explain the physiological aspects of a mammalian skeletal muscle fibre.

• A mammalian skeletal muscle fibre is composed of myofibrils, which contain sarcomeres made up of actin and myosin filaments. The contraction of the muscle is controlled by the release of calcium ions and the sliding of actin and myosin filaments. The energy for muscle contraction is provided by ATP.

• A mammalian skeletal muscle fibre is made up of bones and cartilage

• The energy for muscle contraction is provided by glucose alone

• The contraction of the muscle is controlled by the release of oxygen and carbon dioxide

How do tendons and ligaments contribute to the movement of muscles and the skeleton?

• Ligaments connect muscles to bones, providing stability and support for movement.

• Tendons connect muscles to bones, allowing the muscles to move the skeleton. Ligaments connect bones to other bones, providing stability and support for movement.

• Tendons connect bones to bones, allowing the muscles to move the skeleton.

• Tendons connect bones to muscles, allowing the muscles to move the skeleton.

Discuss the role of muscles in maintaining posture and balance.

• Muscles play a crucial role in maintaining posture and balance by providing support and stability to the skeletal system. They help in keeping the body upright and steady, and also contribute to the coordination and control of movements.

• Posture and balance are maintained by the nervous system alone

• The role of muscles in maintaining posture and balance is insignificant

• Muscles have no role in maintaining posture and balance

Describe the process of muscle contraction and relaxation in detail.

• Muscle contraction is initiated by the release of calcium ions, which bind to the protein complex actin and myosin, causing them to slide past each other. This shortens the sarcomere, resulting in muscle contraction. Muscle relaxation occurs when the calcium ions are pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum, allowing the actin and myosin to separate and the muscle to return to its original length.

• The shortening of the sarcomere results in muscle relaxation

• Muscle relaxation occurs when the actin and myosin bind together

• Muscle contraction is caused by the release of sodium ions

Discuss the importance of understanding muscle and movement in the context of sports and physical activities.

• Muscle and movement are only important for preventing injuries in sports

• There is no need to consider muscle and movement when designing training programs for physical activities

• Understanding muscle and movement is crucial in sports and physical activities as it helps in improving performance, preventing injuries, and designing effective training programs.

• Understanding muscle and movement has no impact on sports performance