Biology Review 1

Some people like spicy, hot food. Some of these people even grow their own hot peppers to make different kinds of sauces.

Imagine that you are one of these people and are growing your own pepper plants from seed. In the past, you have noticed

that the seeds take a long time to germinate (germination is when little plants, called seedlings, emerge from seeds). You

read someplace that some seeds germinate more quickly in warmer cl imates. So, you decide to see if warmer temperatures

will speed up the germination process. To see if there is a relationship between temperature and germination, you place one

set of twenty seeds in potting soil on the counter and place a second set of twenty seeds on top of a heating pad on the same

counter. You add water and wait for the seeds to germinate.

Which of these is the prediction tested in this experiment?

• If seeds are set on a heating pad, they will germinate more quickly than seeds that are set on the counter alone.

• Seeds need warmer temperatures to germinate.

• Temperature affects the germination rate of pepper seeds.

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A student wants lo do an experiment to determine how watering affects plant growth. She plants three plants of the same

species and size in identical pots using the same soil and grows them at the same temperature. She waters the fi rst plant

once a day, the second plant twice a day, and the th ird plant three times a day. In this experiment, what is the dependent

variable?

• amount of water the plant receives

• height of the plant at the end of the experiment

• soil and temperatt1re

• size of the pot

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Barrett's esophagus is a heartburn-related problem that occurs when stomach acid backs up into the throat, causing normal

esophageal l ining to be replaced by abnormal growth. A recent study reported that burning away abnormal, precancerous

cells in the throat may lower the risk of later developing esophageal cancer. One hundred and twenty-seven people suffering

from Barrett's esophagus participated in the study. Of those who had a procedure that uses heat to burn off precancerous

spots, only about J % developed cancer over the next year, whereas, of those who received a ' fake treatment' in which no

cells were destroyed, 9% went on to develop cancer.

What is the test group in the study?

• the people treated whose abnormal cells were removed with heat

• the people who had the 'fake treatment'

• the group of doctors who control led what went on in the study

• the people suffering from heartburn since they controlled whether they got the heat or the ' fake treatment'

Read the scenario: You get in your car to drive to class. You turn the key, and the engine starts making a clicking sound, but

does not start(!). You think to yourself, "The battery must be dead" (2). So, you borrow the battery from your neighbor's

car (with permission, of course) and exchange it for the one in your car (3). You figure that if the battery in your car is dead

and you replace it then the car will start (4). You get in the car again, turn the key, and the car starts right up, and you make

it to class on time (5).

Notice that there are numbers at the end or parts of some of the sentences in the scenario. Refer to these numbers when

answering the question.

Which sentence in the story is an observation?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

• 5

Santiago Elena and Richard Lenski perfom1ed long-term artificial selection experiments with bacteria. Over time, the bacteria evolved an ability to use glucose as a food source.

Which of the statements is a conclusion of these experiments?

• Natural selection can occur in the laboratory.

• Evolution can occur in the laborntory.

• Bacteria can evolve over time.

• Bacteria can evolve an improved ability to use glucose.

• All of these choices are correct.

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Suppose that a researcher claimed to have created a genetically modified plant that produces twice as much energy as it

harnesses from its environment.

How could this be possible?

• This is impossible because such a plant would violate the laws of thermodynamics.

• The researcher has found a way to decrease the overall entropy of the plant.

• The researcher has likely doubled the amounl of DNA present in the plant's genome.

• The researcher has inserted a mutation into the plant's genome that causes twice the amount of ATP to be produced.

• The researcher has inserted genes into the plant's genome that increase the amount of work the plant is capable of

  performing.

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Which statement regarding living organisms versus nonliving things is true?

• Nonliving things on average contain a higher percentage of carbon than living organisms.

• Like living organisms, nonliving things can change over time (for example, rocks can weather), and thus, nonliving

  things can be said to evolve.

• Nonliving things are composed of unique elements most of which are never found in living organisms.

• Living organisms, for example a single celled organism, generally contain more different kinds of chemical compounds

  than do nonliving things. for example. rock.

Living systems use energy from the sun or from chemical compounds to do work. Some of this energy is lost as heat, reducing the total amount of energy in the universe.

• True

• False

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Which of the statements is the best description of mutations in DNA?

• They arise in order to harm an organism.

• A ll of these choices are correct.

• They occur randomly.

• They arise in order to benefit an organism.

• They do not affect an organism.

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The chemical reactions required to sustain life are collectively referred to as a cell's:

• physiology.

• All of the choices are correct.

• metabolism.

• genetics.

• anatomy.

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