Learning

A particular group of brain cells seems to provide a basis for observational learning. Researchers call these specialized cells

• Echo neurons
• Shadow neurons
• Duplicate neurons
• Mirror neurons
• Schwann cells

Which of the following kinds of learning is involved when a person displays a new behavior after watching someone else perform it?

• Observational learning
• Imitative learning
• Innate learning
• Instinctive learning
• Intuitive learning

When the fire alarm sounded in the middle of the night, Ada woke up and made her way from her bedroom, down the stairs, and out the front door in the dark. Ada’s ability to navigate her way through the dark house is an example of using

• Muscle memory
• Olfactory memory
• Cognitive Map

• Auditory memory
• Visual memory

Brian was having difficulty solving a riddle, but after sleeping, he suddenly understood the answer. Brian’s newfound knowledge was probably the result of

• Latent Learning

• dreaming
• Insight

• observational Learning

• meditation

Which of the following best reflects contemporary interpretations of classical conditioning?

• They remain relatively unchanged from earlier interpretations by people like E. L. Thorndike.

  
  

• They are primarily based on the theory of contiguity.

• They make a clear distinction between long-term and short-term memory.

• They are in agreement with the interpretations of behaviorists like B. F. Skinner

• They take into account cognitive processes like expectancy.

In classical conditioning, stimulus generalization occurs when an organism responds

• to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

• to stimuli that are similar to the unconditioned stimulus

• to the conditioned stimulus the same way as to the unconditioned stimulus

• with different types of responses to neutral stimuli

• with different types of responses to the unconditioned stimulus

A dog retrieves the newspaper every day because in the past it received a food reward for this behavior. The dog’s behavior is an example of which of the following?

• A discriminative stimulus

• An unconditioned response

• An unconditioned stimulus

• An operant response

• A classically conditioned response

Elizabeth picks up the clothes from her bedroom floor and puts them away to avoid her mother’s repeated nagging. Elizabeth’s behavior is being influenced by

• classical conditioning

• negative reinforcement

• positive reinforcement

• extinction

• punishment

Punishment is most effective in eliminating undesired behavior when the

• behavior is complex

  
  

• behavior was very recently acquired

  
  

• punishment is delivered soon after the behavior

  
  

• punishment is delivered by someone with authority

  
  

• punishment is both mental and physical

  
  

Carlos wants to lose weight but is having a hard time motivating himself to go to the gym after work because he enjoys watching movies after work instead. To increase his likelihood of going to the gym, Carlos should

• reward himself immediately after going to the gym

  
  

• set a goal of going to the gym at least seven times a week

  
  

• reward himself just before going to the gym

  
  

• avoid people who go to the gym

  
  

• make an effort to spend time watching movies when not at the gym