4-15 and 4-16 EOC review cell transport, energy, graphs, cells

A student grows two sets of plants in the same environmental conditions, only varying the amount of sunlight. The student harvests leaves from both sets daily for two weeks and records the total sugar content in the graph below. Which growing conditions and explanation match the data in the graph above?

• Plant Set 1 was grown with less sunlight and was not actively growing.

• Plant Set 2 was grown with more sunlight and produced more carbon dioxide.

• Plant Set 1 was grown with more sunlight and produced less oxygen.

• Plant Set 2 was grown with less sunlight and required more water.

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The graph below is a cell’s output of ATP and carbon dioxide (CO₂) from cellular respiration over three days. Which point on the graph identifies when the cell changes from an anaerobic to an aerobic environment?

• where the amount of CO₂ produced and the amount of ATP produced are the lowest

• where the amounts of CO₂ and ATP equal one another

• where the amounts of CO₂ and ATP are both increasing at the same time

• where the amount of CO₂ produced is increasing and the amount of ATP produced is decreasing

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Living things interact with Earth systems in a variety of chemical processes. The diagram below illustrates the overall chemical change that occurs in one of these processes. Which process does the diagram above illustrate? What is its effect on Earth systems?

• The process is cellular respiration. It transfers oxygen from the atmosphere to the biosphere.

• The process is fermentation. It transfers carbon from the biosphere to the atmosphere.

• The process is photosynthesis. It transfers carbon from the atmosphere to the biosphere.

• The process is photosynthesis. It transfers carbon from the biosphere to the geosphere.

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Some molecules of a solute are being transported by different mechanisms across a selectively permeable membrane as shown in the diagram below. Which statement is correct regarding the transport of solute molecules across the selectively permeable membrane?

• Molecules 1, 2, and 3 represent passive transport; molecule 4 represents active transport.

• Molecules 1, 2, and 3 represent active transport; molecule 4 represents passive transport.

• Molecules 1 and 2 represent passive transport; molecules 3 and 4 represent active transport.

• Molecules 1 and 2 represent active transport; molecules 3 and 4 represent passive transport.

A cell uses active transport to move sodium ions out of the cell. Why does the cell use active transport instead of diffusion to move sodium ions out of the cell?

• There is a lower concentration of sodium ions inside the cell than outside the cell.

• The cell uses less energy when performing active transport.

• Diffusion can only transport water across the cell membrane.

• Diffusion requires proteins along the cell membrane to transport ions outside the cell.

Which best describes the role of chlorophyll in energy conversion?

• Chlorophyll converts chemical energy into radiant energy.

• Chlorophyll excites photons of light energy and stores them.

• Chlorophyll converts oxygen and nutrients in order to drive metabolic activities.

• Chlorophyll absorbs light and converts it to chemical energy.

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Why do stem cells differentiate?

• to create more cells

• to reduce the number of stem cells

• to produce identical daughter cells

• to create division of labor in cells

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Cells in the thyroid have much higher concentrations of iodide ions than the extracellular fluid that surrounds them, which is delivered by the blood. Are iodide ions transported into the thyroid cells by active transport or passive transport?

• active transport, because the cell must pump ions from regions of low concentration to high concentration

• active transport, because charged ions cannot diffuse through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane

• passive transport, because iodide ions diffuse into the cell from the surrounding fluids

• passive transport, because charged ions are able to diffuse through the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane

Michael is analyzing the steps of cellular respiration. His goal is to quantify the amount of useful chemical energy that cellular respiration can generate from one molecule of glucose. Which of these chemical changes that occur during cellular respiration would be most useful for Michael to track and identify?

• the conversion of ADP to ATP

• the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid

• the addition of hydrogen to oxygen, forming water

• the removal of carbon dioxide from the Krebs cycle

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In the human body, muscle cells complete aerobic respiration in the presence of oxygen. Are muscle cells able to function without oxygen?

• Yes. For a brief time, they can perform fermentation without oxygen.

• Yes. For a brief time, they can complete aerobic respiration without oxygen.

• No. Muscle cells are unable to gain energy from glucose when oxygen is absent.

• No. Muscle cells are unable to receive glucose when oxygen is absent.

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